Mathematics and Computer Science, Volume 2

Sharmistha Ghosh, PhD, is a professor at the Institute of Engineering and Management, India. She received her doctorate in mathematics from the Indian Institute of Technology, India. Her major field of study includes fuzzy and vague databases as well as computational fluid dynamics, and she has published several papers in scientific journals. She is also the editor of several scientific journals and works as a reviewer of journals as well as doctoral theses in India as well abroad. M. Niranjanamurthy, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Applications, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka. He earned his PhD in computer science at JJTU, Rajasthan, India. He has over 11 years of teaching experience and two years of industry experience as a software engineer. He has published several books, and he is working on numerous books for Scrivener Publishing. He has published over 60 papers for scholarly journals and conferences, and he is working as a reviewer in 22 scientific journals. He also has numerous awards to his credit. Krishanu Deyasi is an associate professor in the Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities at the Institute of Engineering and Management, India. He earned his PhD from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, and he has postdoctoral experience from The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, India. He has written three books and has published papers in scientific journals. He is also an editor for several scientific journals. Biswadip Basu Mallik is a senior assistant professor of mathematics in the Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities at the Institute of Engineering and Management, India. He has been involved in teaching and research for more than 21 years and has published several research papers in various scientific journals along with book chapters with various publishers. He has authored five books and has five patents to his credit. He is a managing editor of the Journal of Mathematical Sciences & Computational Mathematics and is an editorial board member and reviewer for several scientific journals. Santanu Das is as an assistant professor in the Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities at the Institute of Engineering and Management, India. He completed his undergraduate degree from and is pursuing his doctorate from Jadavpur University.

Preface xvii

1 A Comprehensive Review on Text Classification and Text Mining Techniques Using Spam Dataset Detection 1
Tamannas Siddiqui and Abdullah Yahya Abdullah Amer

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Text Mining Techniques 3

1.2.1 Data Mining 3

1.2.2 Information Retrieval 4

1.2.3 Natural Language Processing (NLP) 5

1.2.4 Information Extraction 5

1.2.5 Text Summarization 6

1.2.6 Text Categorization 7

1.2.7 Clustering 7

1.2.8 Information Visualization 7

1.2.9 Question Answer 8

1.3 Dataset and Preprocessing Steps 9

1.3.1 Text Preprocess 9

1.4 Feature Extraction 9

1.4.1 Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency 10

1.4.2 Bag of Words (BoW) 10

1.5 Supervised Machine Learning Classification 11

1.6 Evaluation 11

1.7 Experimentation and Discussion Results for Spam Detection Data 11

1.8 Text Mining Applications 13

1.9 Text Classification Support 13

1.9.1 Health 13

1.9.2 Business and Marketing 14

1.9.3 Law 14

1.10 Conclusions 14

References 15

2 Study of Lidar Signals of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Statistical Technique 19
Kamana Mishra and Bhavani Kumar Yellapragada

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Methodology 21

2.2.1 A Statistical Approach to Determine the CBLH 21

2.2.2 A Statistical Approach to Determine the Best Fit Distribution to the Backscatter Signals of the Lidar Dataset 22

2.3 Mathematical Background of Method 23

2.4 Example and Result 24

2.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 27

Acknowledgement 28

References 28

Annexure 30

3 Optimal Personalized Therapies in Colon Cancer Induced Immune Response using a Fokker-Planck Framework 33
Souvik Roy and Suvra Pal

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 The Control Framework Based on Fokker-Planck Equations 35

3.3 Theoretical Results 39

3.4 Numerical Schemes 41

3.5 Results 43

3.6 Conclusion 44

Acknowledgments 45

References 45

4 Detection and Classification of Leaf Blast Disease using Decision Tree Algorithm in Rice Crop 49
Sarvesh Vishwakarma and Bhavna Chilwal

4.1 Introduction 49

4.2 Proposed Methodology 51

4.3 Result Analysis 52

4.4 Conclusion 55

4.5 Future Work 55

References 56

5 Novel Hybrid Optimal Deep Network and Optimization Approach for Human Face Emotion Recognition 59
J. Seetha, M. Ayyadurai and M. Mary Victoria Florence

5.1 Introduction 60

5.2 Related Work 61

5.3 System Model and Problem Statement 62

5.4 Proposed Model 63

5.4.1 Preprocessing Stage 64

5.4.2 Knowledge Based Face Detection 64

5.4.3 Image Resizing 64

5.4.4 Feature Extraction 64

5.5 Proposed HDC-GEN Classification 65

5.6 Result and Discussion 68

5.6.1 Performance Metrics Evaluation 69

5.6.2 Comparative Analysis 70

5.7 Conclusion 74

References 74

6 An Application of Information Technology in Adaptive Leadership of Ministry of Ayush During Pandemic of Covid 19: A Case Study 77
Vikram Singh, Shikha Kapoor and Sandeep Kumar Gupta

6.1 Introduction 77

6.2 Ministry of AYUSH 78

6.3 Leadership Principles and Practices by Ministry of AYUSH During Covid- 19 79

6.4 Effective Communication 79

6.5 Sharing of Resources 80

6.6 Shared Decision Making 81

6.7 Training of Manpower 81

6.8 Use of IT Platform 81

6.9 Finding Opportunities for R&D During the Crisis 83

6.10 Collaborating with Stakeholders for International Day of Yoga (IDY) 84

6.11 Providing Hope When Nothing Seemed to be Working 87

6.12 Leveraging Old Knowledge 87

6.13 Conclusion 88

References 88

7 Encoder-Decoder Models for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction 91
Ashish Kumar Sharma and Rajeev Srivastava

7.1 Introduction 91

7.2 Literature Review 93

7.3 Experimental Work 93

7.3.1 Data Set 93

7.3.2 Proposed Methodology 94

7.3.3 Data Preprocessing 94

7.3.4 Long Short Term Memory 94

7.4 Results and Discussion 96

7.5 Conclusion 97

References 98

8 Hesitancy, Awareness, and Vaccination: A Computational Analysis on Complex Networks 101
Dibyajyoti Mallick, Aniruddha Ray, Ankita Das and Sayantari Ghosh

8.1 Introduction 101

8.2 Model Formulation 103

8.3 Model Analysis on Complex Network 106

8.3.1 Effect of Vaccination Rate 107

8.3.2 Effect of Negative Rumors 108

8.3.3 Effect of Positive Peer Influence 108

8.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 111

References 112

9 Propagation of Seismic Waves in Porous Thermoelastic Semi-Infinite Space with Impedance Boundary Conditions 115
Annu Rani and Dinesh Kumar Madan

9.1 Introduction 115

9.2 Basic Equations 116

9.3 Problem Formulation 118

9.4 Reflection at the Free Surface 121

9.4.1 Boundary Conditions 124

9.4.2 Energy Ratios 126

9.5 Numerical Results and Discussion 127

9.6 Conclusion 133

References 134

10 IoT Based Ensemble Predictive Techniques to Determine the Student Observing Analysis through E-Learning 137
Rufia Thaseen I., S. Shahar Banu and Sudha Rajesh

10.1 Introduction 138

10.2 Review of Literature 140

10.2.1 Objectives of the Study 142

10.3 Methodology 142

10.4 Analysis and Interpretation 143

10.5 Findings and Conclusion 147

References 148

11 Modelling and Analysis of a Congestion Dependent Queue with Bernoulli Scheduled Vacation Interruption and Client Impatience 151
K. Jyothsna and P. Vijaya Kumar

11.1 Introduction 152

11.2 Model Overview 154

11.3 Model Analysis 155

11.3.1 Pre-Arrival Epoch Probabilities 157

11.3.2 Arbitrary Epoch Probabilities 162

11.4 Special Cases 163

11.5 Performance Metrics 163

11.6 Numerical Outcomes 164

11.7 Conclusion 169

References 169

12 Resource Allocation Determines Alternate Cell Fate in Bistable Genetic Switch 173
Priya Chakraborty and Sayantari Ghosh

12.1 Introduction 173

12.2 Model Formulation 176

12.3 Result Section 178

12.3.1 Pitchfork Bifurcation in Genetic Toggle 178

12.3.1.1 Resource Affinity Regulates the Symmetry of Pitchfork Bifurcation 178

12.3.1.2 Availability of Total mRNA Pool Regulates the Symmetry of Pitchfork Bifurcation 180

12.3.1.3 Total Resource Availability Regulates the Point of Bifurcation in the System 180

12.3.2 Saddle Node Bifurcation in Genetic Toggle 180

12.3.2.1 Resource Distribution Regulates the Point of Bifurcation in Toggle Switch 182

12.3.2.2 Region of Interest in Toggle Switch is Significantly Regulated by Resource Allocation 182

12.3.2.3 Total Resource Availability T Regulates Saddle Node Bifurcation Curve 183

12.4 Conclusion 183

Acknowledgement 184

References 184

13 A Hybrid Approach to Ontology Evaluation 187
Aastha Mishra and Preetvanti Singh

13.1 Introduction 187

13.2 Background 188

13.3 The Developed OntoEva Method 189

13.4 Ontology Selection for Epilepsy Disorder 190

13.4.1 Accuracy 191

13.4.2 Adaptability 191

13.4.3 Clarity 191

13.4.4 Completeness 192

13.4.5 Conciseness 192

13.4.6 Consistency 192

13.4.7 Organizational Fitness 192

13.5 Results 201

13.6 Comparison of Ontologies 201

13.7 Conclusion 202

References 203

14 Smart Health Care Waste Segregation and Safe Disposal 205
R.M. Bommi, Sami Venkata Sai Rajeev, Sarvepalli Navya, Veluru Sai Teja and Uppala Supriya

14.1 Introduction 206

14.2 Related Works 207

14.3 System Architecture 210

14.3.1 Wrapping 212

14.3.2 Incinerator 213

14.3.3 Conveyor Cleaning System 213

14.3.4 Circuit Diagram 213

14.3.5 Optimal Path Planning Algorithm for Waste Collection 214

14.4 Methodology 214

14.5 Mobile App 217

14.6 Conclusions and Future Works 218

Declarations 219

Availability of Data and Materials 219

Competing Interests 219

Author’s Contribution 219

References 219

15 Investigation of Viscoelastic Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Flow Over an Expanded Lamina Surrounded in a Permeable Media 223
Hiranmoy Mondal, Arindam Sarkar and Raj Nandkeolyar

15.1 Introduction 223

15.1.1 Literature Review 223

15.1.2 Nomenclature 224

15.2 Formulation of the Problem 226

15.2.1 Analytical Solution 227

15.2.2 Numerical Methods (Spectral Quasi-Linearization Methods) 228

15.3 Result and Argument 230

15.4 Conclusion 235

References 236

16 Quickest Multi-Commodity Contraflow with Non-Symmetric Traversal Times 239
Shiva Prakash Gupta, Urmila Pyakurel and Tanka Nath Dhamala

16.1 Introduction 239

16.2 Preliminaries with Flow Models 242

16.2.1 Mathematical Model with Contraflow 242

16.3 QMCCF with Non-Symmetric Transit Times 244

16.3.1 Approximation Approach for the QMCCF 245

16.4 Conclusions 248

Acknowledgments 248

References 248

17 A Mathematical Representation for Deteriorating Goods with a Trapezoidal-Type Demand, Shortages and Time Dependent Holding Cost 251
Ruma Roy Chowdhury

17.1 Introduction 251

17.2 Assumptions and Notations 253

17.2.1 Assumptions 253

17.2.2 Notation 254

17.2.3 Decision Variables 255

17.3 Formulation and Solution 255

17.3.1 Case 1 i) 0 < ν < t 1 < t 2 < t 3 < T 255

17.3.2 Case 2 ii) 0 < t a < ν < t b < t c < T 257

17.3.3 Case 3 iii) 0 < t a < t b < ν < t c < T 259

17.4 Numerical Example 261

17.5 Discussion 261

17.6 Inference 262

References 262

18 An Amended Moth Flame Optimization Algorithm Based on Fibonacci Search Approach for Solving Engineering Design Problems 265
Saroj Kumar Sahoo and Apu Kumar Saha

18.1 Introduction 266

18.2 Classical MFO Algorithm 268

18.3 Proposed Method 270

18.4 Results and Discussions on IEEE CEC 2019

Benchmark Problems 273

18.5 Real-Life Applications 277

18.5.1 Optimal Gas Production Capacity Problem 277

18.5.2 Three-Bar Truss Design (TSD) Problem 277

18.6 Conclusion with Future Studies 278

References 279

19 Image Segmentation of Neuronal Cell with Ensemble Unet Architecture 283
Kirtan Kanani, Aditya K. Gupta, Ankit Kumar Nikum, Prashant Gupta and Dharmik Raval

19.1 Introduction 284

19.2 Methods 285

19.3 Dataset 285

19.4 Implementation Details 286

19.5 Evaluation Metrics 286

19.6 Result 286

19.7 Conclusion 289

References 289

20 Automorphisms of Some Non-Abelian p−Groups of Order p4 291
Muniya Sansanwal, Harsha Arora and Mahender Singh

20.1 Introduction 291

20.2 Categorization of p-Groups with Order p4 292

20.3 Number of Automorphisms of Some Non-Abelian Groups of Order p4 293

20.3.1 Computation of Automorphisms of Group G9 293

20.3.2 Computation of Automorphisms of Group G10 297

20.3.3 Computation of Automorphisms of G11 300

References 304

21 Viscoelastic Equation of p-Laplacian Hyperbolic Type with Logarithmic Source Term 305
Nazlı Irkıl and Erhan Pişkin

21.1 Introduction 305

21.2 Preliminaries 307

21.3 Global Existence Result 314

21.4 Blow Up Results of the Solution for Equation (21.1) 317

References 324

22 Flow Dynamics in Continuous-Time with Average Arc Capacities 327
Badri Prasad Pangeni and Tanka Nath Dhamala

22.1 Introduction 327

22.2 Literature Review 329

22.3 Failure in Extension of AP to AAP 329

22.4 Formulation 331

22.5 Conclusion 334

Acknowledgment 334

References 334

23 Analysis of a Multiserver System of Queue-Dependent Channel Using Genetic Algorithm 337
Anupama and Chandan Kumar

23.1 Introduction 337

23.2 Description of the Model 338

23.3 Notations 338

23.4 Steady State Equations 340

23.4.1 Performance Characteristics of the System 342

23.4.2 Queue Length Evaluations at Different Epochs 343

23.4.3 Leisure Period and Working Period Length 343

23.4.4 Cost of the System 343

23.5 Conclusions 347

References 347

24 An Approach to Ranking of Single Valued Neutrosophic Fuzzy Numbers Based on (α, β, γ) Cut Sets 349
Sunayana Saikia

24.1 Introduction 349

24.2 Definition and Representations 351

24.3 Proposed Method 355

24.4 Theorems 356

24.5 Numerical Examples 357

24.6 Conclusion 358

References 359

25 Performance Analysis of Database Models Based on Fuzzy and Vague Sets for Uncertain Query Processing 363
Sharmistha Ghosh and Surath Roy

25.1 Introduction 363

25.2 Basic Definitions 364

25.2.1 Fuzzy Set 365

25.2.2 Vague Set 365

25.2.3 Similarity Measure 365

25.3 Algorithm to Generate Membership Values 366

25.4 Real Life Applications 368

25.5 Conclusion 382

References 382

26 Estimating Error of Signals by Product Means (N, pn,qn) (C, 2) of the Fourier Series in a W(Lr , ξ (t))(r ≥ 1) Class 385
Pankaj Tiwari and Aradhana Dutt Jauhari

26.1 Introduction 385

26.1.1 Definition 1 386

26.1.2 Definition 2 386

26.1.3 Definition 3 386

26.1.4 Definition 4 387

26.1.5 Remark 1 387

26.2 Known Result 388

26.2.1 Theorem 1 388

26.3 Main Theorem 389

26.3.1 Theorem 2 389

26.4 Some Auxiliary Results 390

26.4.1 Lemma- 1 390

26.4.2 Lemma- 2 390

26.5 Theorem’s Proof 391

26.6 Applications 394

26.6.1 Cor. 1 394

26.6.2 Cor. 2 394

26.7 Conclusion 394

Acknowledgement 395

References 395

About the Editors 397

Index 401