Systems Programming: Designing and Developing Distributed Applications explains how the development of distributed applications depends on a foundational understanding of the relationship among operating systems, networking, distributed systems, and programming. Uniquely organized around four viewpoints (process, communication, resource, and architecture), the fundamental and essential characteristics of distributed systems are explored in ways which cut across the various traditional subject area boundaries. The structures, configurations and behaviours of distributed systems are all examined, allowing readers to explore concepts from different perspectives, and to understand systems in depth, both from the component level and holistically.
Designed as a comprehensive, self-contained introduction to designing and developing distributed applications, this book is ideal for anyone who needs a comprehensive understanding of distributed systems. Readers will come away not only ready to design and develop distributed applications, but also to see the larger picture and appreciate alternate approaches.
- Explains key ideas from the ground up, in a self-contained style, with material carefully sequenced to make it easy to absorb and follow.
- Features a detailed case study that is designed to serve as a common point of reference and to provide continuity across the different technical chapters.
- Includes a 'putting it all together' chapter that looks at interesting distributed systems applications across their entire life-cycle from requirements analysis and design specifications to fully working applications with full source code.
- Ancillary materials include problems and solutions, programming exercises, simulation experiments, and a wide range of fully working sample applications with complete source code developed in C++, C# and Java.
- Special editions of the author's established 'workbenches' teaching and learning tools suite are included. These tools have been specifically designed to facilitate practical experimentation and simulation of complex and dynamic aspects of systems.
Richard John Anthony has been a university lecturer for over 20 years with teaching focusing on operating systems, networking, distributed systems, programming and embedded systems; and he has considerable experience in curriculum design in these areas. He also works in commercial projects as a technology consultant and systems developer. Other previous roles include microprocessor technician, network manager, database administrator and senior software developer in a commercial role. This rich mix of experience gives him a good insight across all aspects of computer systems and technology, and the ability to see the big picture view as well as the low-level technology focus. He's also an established and active researcher, having over 90 academic publications in autonomic computing, smart embedded systems and distributed systems, and currently leads a research group in autonomic computing and smart embedded systems. His research is underpinned by strong software design and developmental skills, giving a highly empirical flavor to his work.
Systems Programming: Designing and Developing Distributed Applications explains how the development of distributed applications depends on a foundational understanding of the relationship among operating systems, networking, distributed systems, and programming. Uniquely organized around four viewpoints (process, communication, resource, and architecture), the fundamental and essential characteristics of distributed systems are explored in ways which cut across the various traditional subject area boundaries. The structures, configurations and behaviours of distributed systems are all examined, allowing readers to explore concepts from different perspectives, and to understand systems in depth, both from the component level and holistically. Explains key ideas from the ground up, in a self-contained style, with material carefully sequenced to make it easy to absorb and follow. Features a detailed case study that is designed to serve as a common point of reference and to provide continuity across the different technical chapters. Includes a 'putting it all together' chapter that looks at interesting distributed systems applications across their entire life-cycle from requirements analysis and design specifications to fully working applications with full source code. Ancillary materials include problems and solutions, programming exercises, simulation experiments, and a wide range of fully working sample applications with complete source code developed in C++, C# and Java. Special editions of the author's established 'workbenches' teaching and learning tools suite are included. These tools have been specifically designed to facilitate practical experimentation and simulation of complex and dynamic aspects of systems.
Front Cover 1
Systems Programming: Designing and Developing Distributed Applications 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Preface 18
The origin and purpose of this book 18
The intended audience 20
The organization of the book 20
In-text activities 22
How to use the book 22
The support materials 24
Acknowledgments 26
Chapter 1: Introduction 28
1.1. Rationale 29
1.1.1. The Traditional Approach to Teaching Computer Science 29
1.1.2. The Systems Approach Taken in This Book 31
Chapter 2: Process View 31
Chapter 3: Communication View 32
Chapter 4: Resource View 32
Chapter 5: Architecture View 32
Chapter 6: Distributed Systems 32
Chapter 7: Case Studies—Putting it All Together 33
1.2. The Significance of Networking and Distributed Systems in Modern Computing—A Brief Historical Perspective 33
1.3. Introduction to Distributed Systems 36
1.3.1. Benefits and Challenges of Distributed Systems 36
1.3.2. The Nature of Distribution 37
1.3.3. Software Architectures for Distributed Applications 38
1.3.4. Metrics for Measuring the Quality of Distributed Systems and Applications 38
1.3.5. Introduction to Transparency 39
1.3.5.1. Access Transparency 39
1.3.5.2. Location Transparency 40
1.3.5.3. Replication Transparency 40
1.3.5.4. Concurrency Transparency 40
1.3.5.5. Migration Transparency 40
1.3.5.6. Failure Transparency 40
1.3.5.7. Scaling Transparency 40
1.3.5.8. Performance Transparency 40
1.3.5.9. Distribution Transparency 40
1.3.5.10. Implementation Transparency 41
1.3.5.11. Achieving Transparency 41
1.4. Introduction to the Case Studies 41
1.4.1. The Main (Distributed Game) Case Study 41
1.4.2. The Additional Case Studies 43
1.5. Introduction to Supplementary Material and Exercises 43
1.5.1. In-Text Activities 44
1.6. The Workbenches Suite of Interactive Teaching and Learning Tools 45
1.6.1. Operating Systems Workbench 3.1 “Systems Programming Edition” 46
1.6.2. The Networking Workbench 3.1 “Systems Programming Edition” 46
1.6.3. Distributed Systems Workbench 3.1 “Systems Programming Edition” 46
1.7. Sample Code and Related Exercises 46
1.7.1. Source Code, in C + +, C#, and Java 46
1.7.2. Application Development Exercises 47
Chapter 2: The process View 48
2.1. Rationale and Overview 49
2.2. Processes 49
2.2.1. Basic Concepts 49
2.2.2. Creating a Process 50
2.3. Process Scheduling 55
2.3.1. Scheduling Concepts 59
2.3.1.1. Time Slices and Quanta 60
2.3.1.2. Process States 64
2.3.1.3. Process Behavior 67
IO-Intensive Processes 67
Compute-Intensive (or CPU-Intensive) Processes 73
Balanced Processes 73
2.3.1.4. Scheduler Behavior, Components, and Mechanisms 73
2.3.1.5. Additional Process States: Suspended-Blocked and Suspended-Ready 74
2.3.1.6. Goals of Scheduling Algorithms 75
2.3.1.7. Scheduling Algorithms 77
First Come, First Served (FCFS) 77
Shortest Job First (SJF) 77
Round Robin (RR) 77
Shortest Remaining Job Next (SRJN) 80
Multilevel Queues 80
Multilevel Feedback Queues (MLFQ) 80
2.4. Scheduling for Real-Time Systems 85
2.4.1. Limitations of General-Purpose Schedulers for Real-Time Systems 86
2.4.1.1. The Deadline Scheduling Algorithm 91
2.4.1.2. The Rate Monotonic Scheduling Algorithm 91
Introducing Variable, Bursty Workloads 94
2.5. Specific Scheduling Algorithms and Variants, Used in Modern Operating Systems 97
2.6. Interprocess Communication 97
2.6.1. Introduction to Sockets 97
2.7. Threads: An Introduction 102
2.7.1. General Concepts 102
2.7.2. Thread Implementations 103
2.7.3. Thread Scheduling Approaches 104
2.7.4. Synchronous (Sequential) Versus Asynchronous (Concurrent) Thread Operation 105
2.7.5. Additional Complexity Accompanying Threading 110
2.7.5.1. Application Scenarios for Multithreading 111
2.7.6. A Multithreaded IPC Example 111
2.8. Other Roles of the Operating System 118
2.9. Use of Timers Within Programs 118
2.9.1. Use of Timers to Simulate Threadlike Behavior 120
2.10. Transparency from the Process Viewpoint 121
2.10.1. Concurrency Transparency 121
2.10.2. Migration Transparency 121
2.11. The Case Study from the Process Perspective 122
2.11.1. Scheduling Requirements 122
2.11.2. Use of Timers 122
2.11.3. Need for Threads 123
2.11.4. IPC, Ports, and Sockets 123
2.12. End-of-Chapter Exercises 124
2.12.1. Questions 124
2.12.2. Exercises with the Workbenches 125
2.12.3. Programming Exercises 130
2.12.4. Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 131
2.12.5. List of In-text Activities 132
2.12.6. List of Accompanying Resources 132
Chapter 3: The Communication View 134
3.1. Rationale and Overview 135
3.2. The Communication View 136
3.2.1. Communication Basics 136
3.3. Communication Techniques 137
3.3.1. One-Way Communication 137
3.3.2. Request-Reply Communication 142
3.3.3. Two-Way Data Transfer 146
3.3.4. Addressing Methodologies 147
3.3.4.1. Unicast Communication 147
3.3.4.2. Broadcast Communication 147
3.3.4.3. Multicast Communication 149
3.3.4.4. Anycast Communication 150
3.3.5. Remote Procedure Call 151
3.3.6. Remote Method Invocation 153
3.3.6.1. Java Interfaces 154
3.4. Layered Models of Communication 155
3.4.1. The OSI Model 158
3.4.2. The TCP/IP Model 159
3.5. The TCP/IP Suite 160
3.5.1. The IP 161
3.5.2. The TCP 163
3.5.3. The TCP Connection 165
3.5.3.1. Higher-Layer Protocols That Use TCP as a Transport Protocol 166
3.5.4. The UDP 167
3.5.4.1. Higher-Layer Protocols That Use UDP as a Transport Protocol 168
3.5.5. TCP and UDP Compared 168
3.5.6. Choosing Between TCP and UDP 168
3.6. Addresses 171
3.6.1. Flat Versus Hierarchical Addressing 171
3.6.2. Addresses in the Link Layer 172
3.6.3. Addresses in the Network Layer 172
3.6.3.1. IP Addresses 174
3.6.3.2. IPv4 Addresses 174
3.6.3.3. IPv6 Addresses 175
3.6.3.4. Translation Between IP Addresses and MAC Addresses 175
3.6.4. Addresses in the Transport Layer (Ports) 175
3.6.5. Well-Known Ports 176
3.7. Sockets 178
3.7.1. The Socket API: An Overview 179
3.7.2. The Socket API: UDP Primitive Sequence 179
3.7.3. The Socket API: TCP Primitives Sequence 180
3.7.4. Binding (Process to Port) 185
3.8. Blocking and Nonblocking Socket Behaviors 188
3.8.1. Handling Nonblocking Socket Behavior 191
3.8.2. Communication Deadlock 193
3.9. Error Detection and Error Correction 195
3.9.1. A Brief Introduction to Error Detection and Error Correction Codes 195
3.10. Application-Specific Protocols 197
3.11. Integrating Communication with Business Logic 197
3.12. Techniques to Facilitate Components Locating Each Other 199
3.13. Transparency Requirements from the Communication Viewpoint 200
3.13.1. Logical and Physical Views of Systems 201
3.14. The Case Study from the Communication Perspective 201
3.15. End-of-Chapter Exercises 208
3.15.1. Questions 208
3.15.2. Exercises with the Workbenches 211
3.15.3. Programming Exercises 214
3.15.4. Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 214
3.15.5. Answers/Outcomes of the Workbench Exercises 216
3.15.6. List of in-Text Activities 217
3.15.7. List of Accompanying Resources 217
Appendix. Socket API Reference 218
A1. Socket 218
A2. Socket Options 220
A3. Socket Address Formats 221
A4. Setting a Socket to Operate in Blocking or Nonblocking IO Mode 222
A5. Bind 223
A6. Listen 223
A7. Connect 224
A8. Accept 224
A9. Send (Over a TCP Connection) 225
A10. Recv (Over a TCP Connection) 225
A11. SendTo (Send a UDP Datagram) 226
A12. Recvfrom (Receive a UDP Datagram) 227
A13. Shutdown 227
A14. CloseSocket 228
Chapter 4: The resource View 230
4.1. Rationale and Overview 231
4.2. The CPU as a Resource 231
4.3. Memory as a Resource for Communication 232
4.3.1. Memory Hierarchy 237
4.4. Memory Management 239
4.4.1. Virtual Memory 244
4.4.1.1. VM Operation 245
4.4.1.2. Page Replacement Algorithms 246
4.4.1.3. General Mechanism 246
4.4.1.4. Specific Algorithms 246
4.5. Resource Management 252
4.5.1. Static Versus Dynamic Allocation of Private Memory Resources 252
4.5.2. Shared Resources 254
4.5.3. Transactions 255
4.5.4. Locks 256
4.5.5. Deadlock 259
4.5.6. Replication of Resources 263
4.6. The Network as a Resource 265
4.6.1. Network Bandwidth 265
4.6.1.1. Minimal Transmissions 266
4.6.1.2. Frame Size (Layer 2 Transmission) 267
4.6.1.3. Packet Size (Layer 3 Transmission) 268
4.6.1.4. Message Size (Upper Layers Transmission) 269
4.6.2. Data Compression Techniques 270
4.6.2.1. Lossy Versus Lossless Compression 271
4.6.2.2. Lossless Data Compression 271
4.6.2.3. Lossy Data Compression 273
4.6.3. Message Format 273
4.6.3.1. Fixed Versus Variable-Length Fields 274
4.6.3.2. Application-Level PDUs 275
4.6.4. Serialization 275
4.6.5. The Network as a Series of Links 278
4.6.6. Routers and Routing 281
4.6.7. Overheads of Communication 285
4.6.8. Recovery Mechanisms and Their Interplay with Network Congestion 286
4.7. Virtual Resources 289
4.7.1. Sockets 289
4.7.2. Ports 289
4.7.3. Network Addresses 290
4.7.4. Resource Names 290
4.8. Distributed Application Design Influences on Network Efficiency 291
4.9. Transparency from the Resource Viewpoint 292
4.9.1. Access Transparency 292
4.9.2. Location Transparency 292
4.9.3. Replication Transparency 292
4.9.4. Concurrency Transparency 292
4.9.5. Scaling Transparency and Performance Transparency 293
4.10. The Case Study from the Resource Perspective 293
4.11. End-of-Chapter Exercises 295
4.11.1. Questions 295
4.11.2. Exercises with the Workbenches 296
4.11.3. Programming Exercises 299
4.11.4. Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 300
4.11.5. Answers/Outcomes of the Workbenches Exercises 301
4.11.6. List of in-Text Activities 303
4.11.7. List of Accompanying Resources 303
Chapter 5: The Architecture View 304
5.1. Rationale and Overview 306
5.2. The Architecture View 306
5.2.1. Separation of Concerns 307
5.2.2. Networking and Distribution 308
5.2.3. Complexity in Distributed Systems 309
5.2.4. Layered Architectures 310
5.2.5. Hierarchical Architectures 312
5.3. Heterogeneity 314
5.3.1. Definitions and Sources of Heterogeneity 314
5.3.2. Performance Heterogeneity 315
5.3.3. Platform Heterogeneity 316
5.3.4. Operating System Heterogeneity 317
5.3.5. Impact of Heterogeneity 317
5.3.6. Porting of Software 319
5.4. Hardware and System-Level Architectures 320
5.4.1. Tightly Coupled (Hardware) Systems 320
5.4.2. Loosely Coupled (Hardware) Systems 321
5.4.3. Parallel Processing 322
5.5. Software Architectures 323
5.5.1. Coupling Between Software Components 324
5.6. Taxonomy of Software Architecture Classes 329
5.6.1. Single-Tier Applications 329
5.6.2. Two-Tier Applications 329
5.6.3. Three-Tier Applications 331
5.6.4. Multitier Applications 331
5.7. Client-Server 332
5.7.1. Lifetimes of Client and Server 332
5.7.2. Active and Passive Sides of the Connection 333
5.7.3. The CS Architectural Model 333
5.7.4. Variants of the CS Model 335
5.7.5. Stateful Versus Stateless Services 336
5.7.6. Modular and Hierarchical CS Systems 337
5.8. Three-Tier and Multitier Architectures 339
5.9. Peer-to-Peer 350
5.9.1. Characteristics of Peer-to-Peer Applications 350
5.9.2. Complexity of Peer-to-Peer Connectivity 351
5.9.3. Exploring Peer-to-Peer Behavior 352
5.10. Distributed Objects 356
5.11. Middleware: Support for Software Architectures 358
5.11.1. Middleware Operation, an Overview 358
5.12. System Models of Collective Resources and Computation Resource Provision 360
5.12.1. Clusters 361
5.12.2. Grids 361
5.12.3. Data Centers 362
5.12.4. Clouds 362
5.13. Software Libraries 362
5.13.1. Software Library Case Example 365
5.13.1.1. A Brief Description of the Original Code 366
5.13.1.2. Refactoring Example for the MediaShare_Peer Application 368
5.13.1.3. Library Example for the MediaShare_Peer Application 368
5.13.2. Static Linking and Dynamic Linking 371
5.13.2.1. Static Linking 371
5.13.2.2. Dynamic Linking 371
5.13.2.3. Trade-Offs Between Static and Dynamic Libraries 372
5.13.3. Language-Dependent Feature: The C/C + + Header File 373
5.14. Hardware Virtualization 375
5.14.1. Virtual Machines 376
5.14.2. Java Virtual Machine 377
5.15. Static and Dynamic Configurations 378
5.15.1. Static Configuration 378
5.15.2. Dynamic Configuration 379
5.15.3. Context Awareness 379
5.16. Nonfunctional Requirements of Distributed Applications 380
5.16.1. Replication 382
5.16.2. Semantics of Replication 385
5.16.3. An Implementation of Replication 386
5.17. The Relationship Between Distributed Applications and Networks 396
5.18. Transparency from the Architecture Viewpoint 398
5.19. The Case Study from the Architectural Perspective 399
5.19.1. Stateful Server Design 399
5.19.2. Separation of Concerns for the Game Components 400
5.19.2.1. CS Variant 400
5.19.2.2. Client and Server Lifetimes 400
5.19.3. Physical and Logical Architectures of the Game Application 401
5.19.4. Transparency Aspects of the Game 402
5.20. End-of-Chapter Exercises 403
5.20.1. Questions 403
5.20.2. Programming Exercises 404
5.20.3. Answers to end-of-Chapter Questions 405
5.20.4. List of in-Text Activities 407
5.20.5. List of Accompanying Resources 408
Appendix. The Peer-to-Peer Application-Level Protocol Message Sequence 409
Chapter 6: Distributed Systems 410
6.1. Rationale and Overview 412
6.2. Transparency 412
6.2.1. Access Transparency 414
6.2.2. Location Transparency 415
6.2.3. Replication Transparency 416
6.2.3.1. Invalidation 419
6.2.3.2. Two-Phase Commit (2PC) Protocol 419
6.2.4. Concurrency Transparency 420
6.2.4.1. Transactions 422
6.2.5. Migration Transparency 425
6.2.6. Failure Transparency 425
6.2.6.1. Support for Failure Transparency 426
6.2.7. Scaling Transparency 427
6.2.7.1. Communication Intensity: Impact on Scalability 428
6.2.8. Performance Transparency 430
6.2.8.1. Support for Performance Transparency 430
6.2.9. Distribution Transparency 431
6.2.10. Implementation Transparency 431
6.3. Common Services 431
6.4. Name Services 432
6.4.1. Name Service Operation 433
6.4.2. Directory Service 434
6.4.3. Challenges of Name Service Design and Implementation 440
6.5. Domain Name System (DNS) 441
6.5.1. Domain Namespace 442
6.5.2. DNS Implementation 444
6.5.3. DNS Name Servers: Authority and Delegation 447
6.5.4. Replication 448
6.5.5. Name Resolution in More Detail 449
6.5.6. Caching in DNS 450
6.5.7. Exploring Address Resolution 450
6.5.8. Reverse DNS Lookup 453
6.6. Time Services 454
6.6.1. Time Services 454
6.6.1.1. TIME Protocol 454
6.6.1.2. DAYTIME Protocol 454
6.6.1.3. Network Time Protocol (NTP) 455
6.6.2. Physical Clock Synchronization 455
6.6.2.1. Physical Clock Synchronization Techniques 457
6.6.2.2. Cristian's Algorithm 458
6.6.2.3. The Berkeley Algorithm 459
6.6.3. Logical Clocks and Synchronization 460
6.6.3.1. Event Ordering Using Logical Clocks 461
6.6.3.2. Logical Clock Implementation 462
6.7. Election Algorithms 463
6.7.1. Operation Overview 464
6.7.2. The Bully Election Algorithm 466
6.7.3. The Ring Election Algorithm 467
6.7.4. Leader Preelection 467
6.7.5. Exploration with an Election Algorithm 468
6.8. Group Communications 475
6.8.1. Transparency Aspects of Group Communication 477
6.9. Notification Services 477
6.9.1. Publish-Subscribe Services 478
6.10. Middleware: Mechanism and Operation 479
6.11. Middleware Examples and Support Technologies 481
6.11.1. The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) 481
6.11.1.1. Motivation for CORBA 481
6.11.1.2. Object Adapter and Skeleton 483
6.11.1.3. CORBA Object Servers and Activation Policy 485
6.11.1.4. CORBA's Repositories 485
6.11.1.5. Static Method Invocation 485
6.11.1.6. Dynamic Method Invocation 486
6.11.1.7. OMG Interface Definition Language (IDL) 488
6.11.1.8. CORBA Application Development 488
6.11.1.9. Automatic Code Generation in CORBA 488
6.11.2. Interface Definition Language (IDL) 489
6.11.3. Extensible Markup Language 491
6.11.4. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 492
6.11.5. Web Services and REST 493
6.11.5.1. Representational State Transfer (REST) 493
6.11.6. The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 494
6.12. Deterministic and Nondeterministic Aspects of Distributed Systems 495
6.13. End of Chapter Exercises 497
6.13.1. Questions 497
6.13.2. Programming Exercises 497
6.13.3. Answers to End of Chapter Questions 499
6.13.4. List of In-Text Activities 500
6.13.5. List of Accompanying Resources 500
Chapter 7: Case Studies: Putting it all Together 502
7.1. Rationale and Overview 503
7.2. Introduction to the Use Cases 503
7.3. Case Study #1: Time Service Client (with Library) 504
7.3.1. Learning Outcomes Associated with the Case Study 504
7.3.2. Requirements Analysis 504
7.3.3. Architecture and Code Structure 505
7.3.4. Separation of Concerns 510
7.3.5. Coupling and Binding Between Components 511
7.3.5.1. Client Binding to Time Servers 511
7.3.6. Communication Aspects of the Design 511
7.3.6.1. Message Types and Semantics 512
7.3.6.2. NTP Protocol Definition Unit (PDU) 512
7.3.6.3. URL Resolution with DNS 514
7.3.6.4. Rationale for the Chosen Communication Design 514
7.3.7. Implementation 515
7.3.8. Testing 515
7.3.9. Transparency Aspects of the Use Case 516
7.3.10. Case Study Resources 518
7.4. Case Study #2: Event Notification Service 519
7.4.1. Learning Outcomes Associated with the Case Study 519
7.4.2. Requirements Analysis 520
7.4.3. Architecture and Code Structure 521
7.4.4. Separation of Concerns 522
7.4.5. Coupling and Binding Between Components 522
7.4.5.1. Application-Level Coupling 522
7.4.6. Communication Aspects of the Design 523
7.4.6.1. ENS Message Types 526
7.4.6.2. ENS Communication Semantics 526
7.4.6.3. DS Message Types 527
7.4.6.4. DS Communication Semantics 528
7.4.7. An Application Use Scenario to Illustrate the Use of the ENS 528
7.4.8. Testing ( Table 7.2) 530
7.4.9. Transparency Aspects of the ENS 530
7.4.10. Case Study Resources 535
7.5. Good Design Practice for Distributed Applications 535
7.5.1. Requirements Analysis 536
7.5.2. Architectural Aspects 536
7.5.3. Communication Aspects 537
7.5.4. Reuse Code When Opportunities Arise 537
7.5.5. Create Libraries of Tested and Trusted Code 538
7.5.6. Testing Aspects 538
7.6. End of Chapter Programming Exercises 539
7.7. List of Accompanying Resources 540
Index 542
Introduction
Abstract
This chapter introduces the book, its structure, the way the technical material is organised and the motivation behind this. It provides a historical perspective and explains the significance of distributed systems in modern computing. It also explains the integrative, cross-discipline nature of the presentation used in the book and the underlying ‘systems thinking’ approach. It describes and justifies the way that material has been presented from four carefully selected viewpoints (ways of looking at systems structure, organisation and behaviour). These viewpoints have been chosen to overcome the artificial boundaries that are introduced when material is divided for the purposes of teaching into traditional categorisations of operating systems, networking, distributed systems, and programming; whereas many of the key concepts pertinent to the design and development of distributed applications overlap several of these areas or reside in the margins between these areas. This chapter also provides an essential concise introductory discussion of distributed systems to set the scene for the four core chapters which follow. Distributed systems are then examined in depth in Chapter 6. There is also an introduction to the three case studies and the extensive supplemental technical resources.
Keywords
Transparency
QoS metrics
Functional requirements
Nonfunctional requirements
Software architectures
Case studies.
Chapter Contents
1.1 Rationale 2
1.1.1 The Traditional Approach to Teaching Computer Science 2
1.1.2 The Systems Approach Taken in This Book 4
Chapter 3: Communication View 5
Chapter 5: Architecture View 5
Chapter 6: Distributed Systems 5
Chapter 7: Case Studies—Putting it All Together 6
1.3 Introduction to Distributed Systems 9
1.3.1 Benefits and Challenges of Distributed Systems 9
1.3.2 The Nature of Distribution 10
1.3.3 Software Architectures for Distributed Applications 11
1.3.4 Metrics for Measuring the Quality of Distributed Systems and Applications 11
1.3.5 Introduction to Transparency 12
1.3.5.1 Access Transparency 12
1.3.5.2 Location Transparency 13
1.3.5.3 Replication Transparency 13
1.3.5.4 Concurrency Transparency 13
1.3.5.5 Migration Transparency 13
1.3.5.6 Failure Transparency 13
1.3.5.7 Scaling Transparency 13
1.3.5.8 Performance Transparency 13
1.3.5.9 Distribution Transparency 13
1.3.5.10 Implementation Transparency 14
1.3.5.11 Achieving Transparency 14
1.4 Introduction to the Case Studies 14
1.4.1 The Main (Distributed Game) Case Study 14
1.4.2 The Additional Case Studies 16
1.5 Introduction to Supplementary Material and Exercises 16
1.5.1 In-Text Activities 17
1.6 The Workbenches Suite of Interactive Teaching and Learning Tools 18
1.6.1 Operating Systems Workbench 3.1 “Systems Programming Edition” 19
1.6.2 The Networking Workbench 3.1 “Systems Programming Edition” 19
1.6.3 Distributed Systems Workbench 3.1 “Systems Programming Edition” 19
1.7 Sample Code and Related Exercises 19
1.7.1 Source Code, in C++, C#, and Java 19
1.7.2 Application Development Exercises 20
This book is a self-contained introduction to designing and developing distributed applications. It brings together the essential supporting theory from several key subject areas and places the material into the context of real-world applications and scenarios with numerous clearly explained examples. There is a strong practical emphasis throughout the entire book, involving programming exercises and experiments for the reader to engage in, as well as three detailed fully functional case studies, one of which runs through the four core chapters, places theory aspects into application perspectives, and cross-links across the various themes of the chapters. The book is an ideal companion text for undergraduate degree courses.
This chapter introduces the book, its structure, the way the technical material is organized, and the motivation behind this. It provides a historical perspective and explains the significance of distributed systems in modern computing. It also explains the integrative, cross-discipline nature of the presentation and the underlying “systems thinking” approach. It describes and justifies the way that material has been presented from four carefully selected viewpoints (ways of looking at systems, structure, organization, and behavior). These viewpoints have been chosen to overcome the artificial boundaries that are introduced when material is divided for the purposes of teaching into traditional categorizations of operating systems, networking, distributed systems, and programming; whereas many of the key concepts pertinent to distributed systems overlap several of these areas or reside in the margins between these areas.
The overall goal of the book is to furnish the reader with a rounded understanding of the architecture and communication aspects of systems, and also the theoretical underpinning necessary to understand the various design choices available and to be able to appreciate the consequences of the various design decisions and tradeoffs. Upon reaching the end of this book, the reader will be equipped to design and build their first distributed application.
The technical content is brought alive through an interactive style which incorporates practical activities, examples, sample code, analogies, exercises, and case studies. Many practical experiments and simulation activities are provided by a special edition of the author’s established Workbenches teaching and learning resources suite. Application examples are provided throughout the book to put the conceptual aspects into perspective. These are backed up by extensive source code and a mix of theory and practice exercises to enhance both skills and supporting knowledge.
1.1 Rationale
1.1.1 The Traditional Approach to Teaching Computer Science
Computer science is an extremely broad field of knowledge, encompassing diverse topics which include systems architectures, systems analysis, data structures, programming languages, software engineering techniques, operating systems, networking and communication among many others.
Traditionally, the subject material within computer science has been divided into these topic areas (disciplines) for the pragmatic purposes of teaching at universities. Hence, a student will study Operating Systems as one particular subject, Networking as another, and Programming as another. This model works well in general, and has been widely implemented as a means of structuring learning in this field.
However, there are many aspects of computer systems which cut across the boundaries of several of these disciplines, and cannot be fully appreciated from the viewpoint of any single one of these disciplines; so to gain a deep understanding of the way systems work, it is necessary to study systems holistically across several disciplines simultaneously. One very important...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 5.3.2015 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke |
| Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Theorie / Studium | |
| Informatik ► Weitere Themen ► Hardware | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-800817-2 / 0128008172 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-800817-1 / 9780128008171 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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