Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1995 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1995 2
Copyright Page 3
Table of Contents 6
CHAPTER 1. A NEW HUMAN-COMPUTER-INTERFACE FOR HIGH-SPEED-MAGLEV TRAIN TRAFFIC SUPERVISION 14
1. INTRODUCTION 14
2. EXISTING INTERFACES 14
3. INCONVENIENCE OF EXISTING HCIs 15
4. A NEW DESIGN APPROACH 15
5. DESIGN PROCESS 16
6. USE OF AN INTELLIGENT ASSISTANT SYSTEM 16
7. PRESENTATION OF NEW DESIGN IDEAS 16
8. CONFLICT DIAGRAM 18
9. DISPATCHERS WORKING AREA 18
10. CONCLUSION 19
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 19
REFERENCES 19
CHAPTER 2. ADVANTAGES OF MASS-DATA-DISPLAYS IN PROCESS S& C
1. INTRODUCTON 20
2. THE "MASS-DATA-DISPLAY" (MDD) 20
3. EXPERIMENTS 22
4. INTEGRATION OF MDD'S IN CONTROL ROOM DESIGN 24
5. CONCLUSION 25
REFERENCES 25
CHAPTER 3. A GENERIC TASK FRAMEWORK FOR INTERFACE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IN PROCESS CONTROL 26
1. INTRODUCTION 26
2. DEFINITION OF THE GTs 26
3. THE MAD FORMALISM 27
4. EXPRESSING THE GTs' SYNTAX WITH MAD 27
5. EXAMPLE APPLICATION 29
6. CONCLUSION 30
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 31
8. REFERENCES 31
CHAPTER 4. NEW VISUALISATION TECHNIQUES FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL 32
1. INTRODUCTION 32
2. CEMENT MILLING PLANT 32
3. MULTILEVEL FLOW MODELLING 33
4. MFM MODEL FOR THE CEMENT MILL 34
5. ECOLOGICAL INTERFACE DESIGN 34
6. ENERGY AND MASS MANAGEMENT WITH EID 35
7. DESIGN OF THE MMI 36
8. IMPLEMENTATION 36
9. DISCUSSION 36
10. REFERENCES 37
CHAPTER 5. A PROPOSAL TO DEFINE AND TO TREAT ALARMS IN A SUPERVISION ROOM 38
1. INTRODUCTON 38
2. THE HUMAN OPERATOR IN A SUPERVISION ROOM 38
3. THE DESIGN OF SUPERVISION IMAGERIES 39
4. ALARMS 40
5. THE INCONVENIENCES OF CLASSICAL ALARMS PROCESSING SYSTEMS 40
6. SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN AND THE PROCESSING OF ALARMS 41
7. ALARM DESIGN AND FMEA 41
8. CONCLUSION 43
9. REFERENCES 43
CHAPTER 6. REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AND DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING 44
1. INTRODUCTION 44
2. THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH 45
3. APPROXIMATING DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING 46
4. CONCLUSION 48
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 48
6. REFERENCES 48
CHAPTER 7. THE MODULAR ORGANIZATION OF MOTOR CONTROL: WHAT FROGS CAN TEACH US ABOUT ADAPTIVE LEARNING 50
1. INTRODUCTION 50
2. THE MODULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE FROG'S SPINAL CORD 50
3. ENDPOINT SUMMATION AND KINEMATIC REDUNDANCY 51
4. FIELD APPROXIMATION 52
5. ADAPTIVE CONTROL 53
6. CONCLUSION 55
7. REFERENCES 55
CHAPTER 8. TRAJECTORY LEARNING AND CONTROL MODELS: FROM HUMAN TO ROBOTIC ARMS 56
1. INTRODUCTION 56
2. TRAJECTORY PLANNING AND MODIFICATION 56
3. MOTOR EXECUTION AND ADAPTATION 58
4. NEURAL NETWORK MODELS OF MOTOR LEARNING 60
5. CONCLUSION 61
6. REFERENCES 61
CHAPTER 9. LEARNING TO OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE: LESSONS FROM A NEURAL CONTROL SYSTEM 62
1. INTRODUCTION 62
2. COGNITIVE AND CONTROL PROCESSES IN THE BRAIN 62
3. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AS A HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEM 63
4. OPTIMIZATION BEHAVIOR OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 65
5. REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IN RESPIRATORY CONTROL 67
CONCLUSIONS 67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 67
REFERENCES 67
CHAPTER 10. PERCEPTION OF COHERENCE OF VISUAL AND VESTIBULAR VELOCITY DURING ROTATIONAL MOTION 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2. METHODS 69
3. THE CONCEPT OF PMC 70
4. RESULTS 70
5. DISCUSSION 72
6. REFERENCES 73
CHAPTER 11. HUMAN OPERATOR ADAPTATION TO A NEW VISUO-MANUAL RELATIONSHIP 74
1. INTRODUCTION 74
2. METHODS 75
3. RESULTS 76
4. DISCUSSION 78
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 79
REFERENCES 79
CHAPTER 12. GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION AND HUMAN ERRORS IN A VIBRATORY ENVIRONMENT 80
1. PROBLEMATICS AND METHODOLOGY 80
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT 80
3. RESULTS 83
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 85
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 85
REFERENCES 85
CHAPTER 13. APIIS: A METHOD FOR ANALYSIS AND PROTOTYPING INTERACTION INTENSE SOFTWARE 86
1. INTRODUCTION 86
2. APIIS 87
3. CONCLUSIONS 90
4. REFERENCES 91
CHAPTER 14. INTEGRATION OF COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS CONCEPTS IN KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES 92
1. INTRODUCTION 92
2. KBS METHODOLOGIES 92
3. INTERACTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR KBS DEVELOPMENT 93
4. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION 95
5. CONCLUSION 97
REFERENCES 97
CHAPTER 15. HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE EVALUATION IN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF USABLE TECHNIQUES 98
1. INTRODUCTION 98
2. EVALUATION PRINCIPLE 98
3. REVIEW OF USABLE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES 99
4. CONCLUSION 102
REFERENCES 102
CHAPTER 16. USABILITY EVALUATION: AN EMPIRICAL VALIDATION OF DIFFERENT MEASURES TO QUANTIFY INTERFACE ATTRIBUTES 104
1. INTRODUCTION 104
2. A DESCRIPTIVE CONCEPT OF INTERACTION POINTS 104
3. FOUR QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF INTERFACE ATTRIBUTES 106
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 107
5. CONCLUSION 108
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 108
REFERENCES 108
CHAPTER 17. SUPPORTABILITY-BASED DESIGN RATIONALE 110
1. INTRODUCTION 110
2. GROUP WORK DURING THE LIFE CYCLE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS 111
3. USER-ORIENTED DESIGN RATIONALE 112
4. A CASE STUDY 113
5. DISCUSSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 114
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 115
REFERENCES 115
CHAPTER 18. A PROBABILISTIC METHODOLOGY FOR THE EVALUATION OF ALERTING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 118
1. INTRODUCTION 118
2. ALERTING SYSTEM MODEL 119
3. PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS METHOD 119
4. EXAMPLE APPLICATION OF THE METHODOLOGY 121
5. CONCLUSION 123
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 123
REFERENCES 123
CHAPTER 19. APPLICATION OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS FOR MAKING SUBJECTIVE COMPARISONS BETWEEN MULTIPLE AUTOMATION/DISPLAY OPTIONS 124
1. INTRODUCTION 124
2. METHODOLOGY 124
3. CONCLUSION 127
REFERENCES 128
CHAPTER 20. INTENSIVE TASK ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION FOR INTERFACES DESIGN IN LARGE-SCALE SYSTEMS 130
1. INTRODUCTION 130
2. HIERARCHICAL TASK ANALYSIS FOR SYSTEMS INTERFACE DESIGN 130
3. INTENSIVE STRATEGIES FOR TASK ANALYSIS AND -EVALUATION 131
4. EXAMPLE FROM CEMENT INDUSTRY 132
5. CONCLUSIONS 133
6. REFERENCES 133
CHAPTER 21. MEDIATION OF MENTAL MODELS IN PROCESS CONTROL THROUGH A HYPERMEDIA MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE 136
1. INTRODUCTION 136
2. LEARNING OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS: A DESTILLATION COLUMN 136
3. MENTAL MODELS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR PROCESS CONTROL 137
4. DIFFERENT MODELS OF THE PROCESS 138
5. USING HYPERMEDIA FOR MAN-MACHINE INTERFACES IN PROCESS CONTROL 138
6. HYPERMEDIA - BASED INTERFACES AS LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS 138
7. IMPLEMENTATON CONCEPT OF THE INFO SYSTEM 140
8. CONCLUSION 140
REFERENCES 141
CHAPTER 22. REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM IN PROCESS CONTROL : INFLUENCE OF PRIMARY DESIGN CHOICES. 142
1. INTRODUCTION 142
2. CONTEXT OF THE RESEARCH 143
3. METHOD 143
4. RESULTS : COMPARISON OF THE TWO SITUATIONS 144
DISCUSSION 146
CONCLUSION 146
REFERENCES 147
CHAPTER 23. MODELING CARDRIVING AND ROAD TRAFFIC 148
1 Introduction 148
2 Model analysis of driving tasks 148
3 Adaptive driver behavior 150
4 Simulation results 151
5 Concluding remarks 152
References 152
CHAPTER 24. AN ESTIMATION OF THE HAZARD-CONTROLLABILITY OF DRIVER-SUPPORT SYSTEMS 154
1. INTRODUCTION 154
2. DRIVER SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSSs) 155
3. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND HAZARD-RESTRAINT STRUCTURES 155
4. DEVELOPMENT OF CAUSAL MODELS 155
5. ANALYSIS OF CAUSAL MODELS 157
6. ESTIMATION OF HAZARDCONTROLLABILITY OF DSSs 158
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 159
REFERENCES 159
CHAPTER 25. DAISY - A DRIVER ASSISTING SYSTEM WHICH ADAPTS TO THE DRIVER 160
1. DAISY ARCHITECTURE 160
2. DESIGN OF THE BEHAVIOURAL DRIVER MODEL 162
3. CONCLUSION 165
REFERENCES 165
CHAPTER 26. CAR-FOLLOWING MEASUREMENTS, SIMULATIONS, AND A PROPOSED PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING SAFETY 166
1. INTRODUCTION 166
2. FIELD MEASUREMENTS 167
3. SIMULATOR TEST 168
4. PROPOSED PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE SAFETY OF CAR-FOLLOWING 170
5. CONCLUSIONS 171
6. REFERENCES 171
CHAPTER 27. HUMAN-MACHINE ORGANIZATION STUDY THE CASE OF THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 172
1. INTRODUCTION 172
2. HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEM MODELING 173
3. COMMAND SYSTEM ORGANIZATION 174
4. THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CASE 175
5. CONCLUSION 177
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 177
REFERENCES 177
CHAPTER 28. DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF AN ATC-DISPLAY IN MODERN GLASS COCKPIT 178
1. INTRODUCTION 178
2. RESEARCH CAPABILITIES 178
3. METHOD 179
4. ATC MESSAGE DISPLAY 180
5. CREW PROCEDURE 180
6. RESULTS 180
7. CONCLUSION 182
REFERENCES 182
CHAPTER 29. ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF FLIGHT CREW PERFORMANCE IN AUTOMATED AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 184
1. INTRODUCTION 184
2. CENTER TRACON AUTOMATION SYSTEM (CTAS) 184
3. HUMAN PERFORMANCE MODEL 185
4. EMPIRICAL STUDY AND MODEL ANALYSES 187
5. RESULTS 187
6. DISCUSSION 188
REFERENCES 188
CHAPTER 30. ENHANCED VISUAL DISPLAYS FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL COLLISION PREDICTION 190
1. INTRODUCTION 190
2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT 1 191
3. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT 1 192
4. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT 2 193
5. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT 2 194
6. FINAL EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 195
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 195
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 195
9. REFERENCES 195
CHAPTER 31. CONTROLLER-HUMAN INTERFACE DESIGN FOR THE FINAL APPROACH SPACING TOOL 196
1. INTRODUCTION 196
2. CONCLUSION 201
REFERENCES 201
CHAPTER 32. INTEGRATING THE WORK FORCE INTO THE DESIGN OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 202
1. INTRODUCTION 202
2. BACKGROUND 202
3. COLLABORATIVE DESIGN 203
4. CASE STUDY: THE CUSTOM WOOD WORKING INDUSTRY 203
5. THE COLLABORATIVE DESIGN PROCESS 204
6. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST) 205
7. CONCLUSIONS 206
REFERENCES 206
CHAPTER 33. AN ADAPTIVE TROUBLESHOOTING MODEL FOR COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC SYSTEM 208
1. INTRODUCTION 208
2. NEURO-FUZZY MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS 209
3. TASK EXPERIMENT 210
4. CONCLUSION 210
References 211
CHAPTER 34. AN ORIGINAL "HUMAN-ORIENTED" ASSESSMENT APPROACH OF DESIGN METHODS FOR AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 212
INTRODUCTION 212
1. THE "AMSD" DESIGN METHOD 212
2. VALIDATION APPROACH 213
3. RESULTS 215
5. CONCLUSION 217
REFERENCES 217
CHAPTER 35. FROM FIELD-BASED STUDIES TO MODELS TO DECISION AIDS - AN APPROACH FOR SUPPORTING HUMAN DECISION-MAKING IN ADVANCED MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 218
1. INTRODUCTION 218
2. THE CONTEXT: ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS 219
3. THE METHODOLOGY 220
4. SUMMARY 222
REFERENCES 222
CHAPTER 36. Modeling Human Performance of Intermittent Contact Tasks 224
1. INTRODUCTION 224
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 225
3. RESULTS 227
4. CONCLUSION 229
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 229
5. REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER 37. ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN OPERATOR CONTROLLING A TELEOPERATED MICROSURGICAL ROBOT 230
1. INTRODUCTION 230
2. HUMAN OPERATOR SYSTEM 231
3· METHODS 231
4· RESULTS 232
5. CONCLUSIONS 233
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 234
REFERENCES 234
CHAPTER 38. A MODEL OF THE ARM'S NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM FOR MANUAL CONTROL 236
1. INTRODUCTION 236
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION 237
3. EXPERIMENTS 238
4. CONCLUSIONS 241
5. REFERENCES 241
CHAPTER 39. APPLYING VIRTUAL REALITY TO DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF SENSORIMOTOR DISTURBANCES 242
1. INTRODUCTION 242
2. MOTION RECORDING 243
3. HAND/ARM MODELLING 243
4. MOTION ANALYSIS 243
5. MOTION TASKS 244
6. CONCLUSION 246
7. REFERENCES 246
CHAPTER 40. STUDY OF HUMAN OPERATION OF A POWER DRILL 248
INTRODUCTION 248
1. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF DRILLING TASK 249
2. METHODS 249
3. RESULTS 250
4. CONCLUSIONS 252
REFERENCES 253
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 253
CHAPTER 41. INTERMITTENCY OF UNIMPAIRED AND AMPUTEE ARM MOVEMENTS 254
1. INTRODUCTION 254
2. A "CLASSIC" EXPERIMENT TO MEASURE ARM PERFORMANCE 255
3. CAUSES OF INTERMITTENT BEHAVIOR 256
4. UTILITY OF INTERMITTENCY 257
5. CONCLUSION 258
6. REFERENCES 258
CHAPTER 42. ECOLOGICAL INTERFACE DESIGN: A RESEARCH OVERVIEW 260
1. INTRODUCTION 260
2. ECOLOGICAL INTERFACE DESIGN 260
3. LITERATURE REVIEW 261
4. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO INDUSTRY 264
5. FUTURE RESEARCH 264
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 265
REFERENCES 265
CHAPTER 43. DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYSIS SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM DESIGN INFORMATION 266
1. INTRODUCTION 266
2. DISTRIBUTED SIMULATION SYSTEM 267
3. OPERATOR SIMULATOR 267
4. CONCLUSION 271
REFERENCES 271
CHAPTER 44. A DESIGN METHOD FOR INCORPORATING HUMAN JUDGMENT INTO MONITORING SYSTEMS 272
1. INTRODUCTION 272
2. NON-HOMOGENEOUS MONITORING SYSTEMS 272
3. BAYESIAN PROBABILISTIC APPROACH 273
4. DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORETICAL APPROACH 275
5. CONCLUSIONS 277
6. REFERENCES 277
CHAPTER 45. TOOD : TASK OBJECT ORIENTED DESCRIPTION FOR ERGONOMIC INTERFACES SPECIFICATION 278
1. INTRODUCTION 278
2. USERS' TASKS DESCRIPTION : "EXTERNAL MODEL" 279
3. USER INTERFACE SPECIFICATION : "INTERNAL MODEL" 280
4. CONCLUSION 283
5. REFERENCES 283
CHAPTER 46. EVALUATION OF TWO HUMAN OPERATOR MODELS OF THE NAVIGATOR'S BEHAVIOUR 284
1. INTRODUCTION 284
2. OVERVIEW OF THE MODELS 285
3. VALIDATION EXPERIMENTS 286
4. AN EXAMPLE 286
5. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS 288
6. CONCLUSION 290
REFERENCES 290
CHAPTER 47. OBSERVATION IN MARITIME EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 292
1. INTRODUCTION 292
2. METHOD 293
3. RESULTS 294
4. DISCUSSION 296
5. PERSPECTIVE 297
6. REFERENCES 297
CHAPTER 48. LOOP-SHAPING CHARACTERISTICS OF A HUMAN OPERATOR IN A COMPENSATORY MANUAL CONTROL SYSTEM 298
1. INTRODUCTION 298
2. COMPENSATORY MANUAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND CLASSICAL RESULTS 298
3. LOOP-SHAPING CHARACTERISTICS OF A OPERATOR AND OTHER NEW OBSERVATIONS 299
4. SYNTHESIS OF MANUAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND EXPERIMENTS 301
5. CONCLUSIONS 302
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 302
REFERENCES 302
CHAPTER 49. HOW DO INDUSTRY DESIGN ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS A CASE STUDY 304
1. INTRODUCTION 304
2. THE METHOD OF RESEARCH 305
3. THE SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS 305
4. DISCUSSIONS 308
5. CONCLUSIONS 309
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 309
REFERENCES 309
CHAPTER 50. SUPPORT IN SETTING FEED RATES AND CUTTING SPEEDS FOR CNC MACHINE TOOLS THROUGH OVERRIDE LOGGING: PRACTICAL TEST RESULTS WITH A NEW CNC COMPONENT 310
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM 310
2. GOALS 311
3. PROCEDURE 311
4. A TECHNICAL CONCEPT FOR OVERRIDE LOGGING 312
5. RESULTS OF THE BASIC ANALYSIS OF WORK ACTION 312
6. RESULTS OF THE PRACTICAL TESTS 313
7. CONCLUSION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS 315
REFERENCES 315
CHAPTER 51. TEACHING MOTION/FORCE SKILLS TO ROBOTS BY HUMAN DEMONSTRATION 316
1. INTRODUCTION 316
2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 316
3. ELUCIDATION OF HUMAN SKILLS 319
4. PROSPECT OF FUTURE RESEARCH 320
5. CONCLUSIONS 321
6. REFERENCES 321
CHAPTER 52. DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE-MAINTENANCE TRAINING SYSTEM IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT 324
1. INTRODUCTION 324
2. BASIC TASKS IN MACHINE MAINTENANCE 325
3. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 326
4. OBJECTS FOR EXPERIMENT OF ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY 326
5. GESTURE RECOGNITION ALGORITHMS 326
6. TASK REPRESENTATION BY PETRI NET 327
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 328
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 329
REFERENCES 329
CHAPTER 53. Industrial and experimental applications of transformation theory and ergodynamics 330
Introduction 330
Design of new assembly, material handling and testing RSI-free workstations. 330
Ergodynamics in increasing human-machine systems safety 332
Ergodynamics and practical use of humanmachine laboratory studies. 332
Conclusion 335
Acknowledgments 335
References 335
CHAPTER 54. Transformation dynamics in human-machine systems 336
Introduction 336
Basic ergodynamics definitions 337
The First Law of Ergodynamics 338
The Second Law of Ergodynamics 338
The Third Law of Ergodynamics 339
Conclusion 341
Acknowledgments 341
References 341
CHAPTER 55. A NEW MACHINE LEARNING METHOD INSPIRED BY HUMAN LEARNING 342
1. INTRODUCTION 342
2. LEARNING APPROACH INSPIRED BY HUMAN 343
3. HIGH SPEED INSERTION TASK 344
4. IMPLEMENTATION AND SIMULAITON 345
5. CONCLUSION 347
6. REFERENCES 347
CHAPTER 56. THE DESIGN OF PERCEPTUALLY AUGMENTED DISPLAYS TO SUPPORT INTERACTION WITH DYNAMIC SYSTEMS 348
1. INTRODUCTION 348
2. CONCRETE REPRESENTATIONS : COSTS & BENEFITS
3. TWO EXPERIMENTS ON AUGMENTED GRAPHICAL DISPLAY SUPPORT 350
4. DESIGN IMPLICATIONS 352
5. CONCLUSION 353
REFERENCES 353
CHAPTER 57. A CASE-BASED DESIGN BROWSER TO FACILITATE REUSE OF SOFTWARE ARTIFACTS 354
BACKGROUND 354
1. INTRODUCTION 354
2. A SOFTWARE DESIGN BROWSER 355
3· A DESIGN BROWSER FOR COMMAND MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE DESIGN 356
4. EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF THE CMS DESIGN BROWSER 356
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 359
REFERENCES 359
CHAPTER 58. A DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR OPERATOR DISPLAYS OF HIGHLY AUTOMATED SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEMS 360
1. WHY IS MONITORING IMPORTANT? WHY IS IT DIFFICULT? 360
2. DESIGNING DISPLAYS AND INTERACTION 361
3. A DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR INTERACTIVE MONITORING AND CONTROL INTERFACES 361
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 364
REFERENCES 365
CHAPTER 59. A DESIGNERS ASSOCIATE: SOFTWARE DESIGN SUPPORT FOR COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 366
1. INTRODUCTION 366
2. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND SCIENCE PRACTICE 367
3· THE DESIGNER'S ASSOCIATE 368
4. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE RATIONALE 370
5. CONCLUSION 371
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 371
REFERENCES 371
AUTHOR INDEX 372