Artificial Intelligence in Design '91 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Artificial Intelligence in Design '91 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
Part 1: 
12 
Chapter 1. Representing the engineering design process: two hypotheses 14
1 INTRODUCTION 14
2 THE NATURE OF THE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS 15
3 THREE VIEWS OF THE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS 16
4 PROPOSED REPRESENTATION 19
5 EXAMPLE PROBLEM AND ITS REPRESENTATION 25
6 CURRENT AND FUTURE WORK 31
7 CONCLUSIONS 32
REFERENCES 32
Chapter 2. Can planning be a research paradigm in architectural design? 34
FOREWORD 34
1. Planning and Quality in Architectural Design 35
2. THE STRUCTURE OF A PLANNER FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 42
3. AN APPLICATION 52
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 56
Acknowledgments 56
REFERENCES 56
APPENDIX 58
Chapter 3. The impact of connectionist systems on design 60
INTRODUCTION 60
PART ONE: AI AND DESIGN 61
PART TWO: CONNECTIONIST SYSTEMS 68
CONNECTIONISM AS A DESIGN TOOL 71
FACILITATING DESIGN DIALOGUE 82
CONCLUSION 83
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 84
REFERENCES 84
Constraint-based reasoning in design 88
Chapter 4. SPARK: an artificial intelligence constraint network system for concurrent engineering 90
INTRODUCTION 90
APPROACHES TO CONCURRENT ENGINEERING 91
CONSTRAINT NETWORKS 92
SPARK: A CONSTRAINT NETWORK PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 92
AN EXAMPLE: THE DESIGN OF PRINTED WIRING BOARDS (PWBs) 95
OPERATION OF SPARK 101
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 103
REFERENCES 103
Chapter 5. A constraint-driven approach to object-oriented design representation 106
1. INTRODUCTION 106
2. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF SMALL BUILDINGS 107
3. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (CONSTRAINTS) AS ABSTRACT SOLUTIONS 110
4. A PARADIGM FOR DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 111
5. OTHER ASPECTS OF THE PARADIGM 119
REFERENCES 122
Chapter 6. ArchObjects: design codes as constraints in an object-oriented KBMS 126
INTRODUCTION 126
BACKGROUND 127
PROJECT OVERVIEW 131
KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 134
FIRE CODE CONSTRAINTS 140
CONCLUSION 143
References 143
Case-based reasoning in design 146
Chapter 7. CADSYN: using case and decomposition knowledge for design synthesis 148
INTRODUCTION 148
DECOMPOSITION 149
CASE-BASED REASONING 151
EDESYN 153
CADSYN 154
CASE MEMORY ORGANISATION 156
CASE-BASED REASONER 157
CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS 159
REFERENCES 160
Chapter 8. A design-dependent approach to integrated structural design 162
INTRODUCTION 162
RELATED CASED-BASED REASONING EFFORTS 163
THE DDIS ENVIRONMENT 164
THE CASE MEMORY 171
THE SCHEDULING PROCESS 173
IMPLEMENTATION 174
AN EXAMPLE 176
REFERENCES 180
Chapter 
182 
INTRODUCTION 182
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 184
A CBR SYSTEM FOR ASP 185
AN OVERVIEW OF CAB-ASSEMBLER 190
CAB-ASSEMBLER'S PERFORMANCES 192
RELATED WORKS 196
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 196
References 197
Interface environments in design 200
Chapter 10. Empowering designers with integrated design environments 202
INTRODUCTION 202
PROBLEMS 203
A MULTIFACETED ARCHITECTURE FOR INTEGRATED DESIGN ENVIRONMENTS 205
RETRIEVAL FROM SPECIFICATION 213
RETRIEVAL FROM CONSTRUCTION 215
RELATED WORK 216
DISCUSSION 217
CONCLUSION 218
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 218
REFERENCES 218
Chapter 
222 
1. THE DESIGN OF ARTIFACTS AND SCHEMA 222
2. AUTOMATED DESIGN 223
3. COGNITIVE DIFFICULTIES 224
4. CONSTRAINTS ON THE SOLUTION 224
5. EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH TO INNOVATION 226
6. THE CoCo DESIGN TOOL 226
7. MINNIE: A GRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR MANUAL DESIGN 227
8. MOUSE: A GRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR DESIGN AUTOMATION 228
9. KNOWLEDGE-BASED SUBSYSTEMS 232
10. THE COCKPIT 232
11. USER STUDIES 237
12. CONCLUSIONS 238
REFERENCES 240
Chapter 12. An intelligent tutorial system for computer aided architectural design 242
INTRODUCTION 242
THE PROTOTYPE ICAD TUTOR 245
CONCEPTS AND TUTORIAL TOPICS 248
THE CONCEPT NETWORK 249
INTERACTING WITH THE ICAD TUTOR 250
ADVANTAGES OF THE CONCEPT NETWORK APPROACH 255
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 255
REFERENCES 257
Part 2: 
258 
Chapter 
260 
INTRODUCTION 260
COMPLEX OBJECTS 261
AN OVERVIEW OF DESIGN 262
DESIGN KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE 264
THE APPLICATION DOMAIN 268
THE DESIGNER'S WORKBENCH 269
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 275
REFERENCES 276
Chapter 14. Unsupervised learning of design rules aided by system derived heuristics 280
0. INTRODUCTION 280
1. LEARNED KNOWLEDGE FOR DESIGN ASSISTANCE 281
2. HERALD = ECMA + LEADER 282
3. LEARNING HEURISTICS IN ECMA 285
4. UNSUPERVISED LEARNING OF DESIGN RULES IN LEADER USING ECMA-DERIVED HEURISTICS 286
5. CONCLUSION 289
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 290
7. REFERENCES 290
Chapter 15. A knowledge acquisition system for conceptual design based on functional and rational explanations of designed objects 292
INTRODUCTION 292
HIERARCHICAL MODELING OF DESIGNED OBJECTS AND THE MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE OF DESIGN KNOWLEDGE 294
CONSTRUCTION OF THE EBL SYSTEM 296
DESIGN KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION BY THE EBL SYSTEM 300
ACQUISITION OF META-PLANNING KNOWLEDGE BY AXIOMATIC DESIGN APPROACH 306
CONCLUSION 310
REFERENCES 311
Part 3: 
312 
Chapter 
314 
INTRODUCTION 314
LEARNING IN SINGLE-TOOL SYSTEMS 316
ABLOOS 321
LEARNING IN MULTIPLE-TOOL SYSTEMS ACCESS 323
DISCUSSION 327
CONCLUSIONS 329
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 330
REFERENCES 330
Chapter 17. An experimental evaluation of some design knowledge compilation mechanisms 334
INTRODUCTION 334
ROUTINE DESIGN ACTIVITY 335
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KNOWLEDGE 336
KNOWLEDGE COMPILATION 336
MERGING THE TWO SYSTEMS 338
EVALUATION CRITERIA 340
TEST PLAN 341
RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES 345
Design representation 348
Chapter 
350 
INTRODUCTION 350
DATA MODELING 351
THE EDM APPROACH 352
EDM STRUCTURES AND RELATIONS 353
EXAMPLE 360
APPLICATIONS OF EDM 368
CONCLUSION 369
REFERENCES 370
APPENDIX 371
Chapter 
378 
1. INTRODUCTION 378
2. DESIGN OBJECTS 379
3. OBJECT-ORIENTED ISSUES 382
4. A DESIGN REPRESENTATION MODEL 386
5. CONCLUSION 395
REFERENCES 396
Chapter 20. Protein modelling: a design application of an object-oriented database 398
INTRODUCTION 398
REPRESENTING WORKING DATA IN AN OODBS 403
VERSION MANAGEMENT 408
MODULES IN P / FDM 410
ACCESSING AND MANIPULATING WORKING DATA 412
CONCLUSIONS 415
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 416
REFERENCES 416
Chapter 21. Task-driven descriptions of mechanical parts in a CAD system 418
1. INTRODUCTION 418
2. CONDITIONAL ATTRIBUTED IL-SYSTEMS 419
3. FEATURE RECOGNITION FROM 2D DESCRIPTIONS 420
4. THE COMPUTERIZED DOCUMENT 425
5. 3D FEATURE RECOGNITION SYSTEM 426
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 430
REFERENCES 430
Part 4: 
432 
Chapter 22. Being economical with the truth: assumption-based context management in the Edinburgh Designer System 434
INTRODUCTION 434
THE NATURE OF DESIGN 435
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR DESIGN SUPPORT 437
THE ASSUMPTION-BASED TRUTH MAINTAINED BLACKBOARD 438
BEING ECONOMICAL WITH THE TRUTH 441
ASSUMPTION-BASED CONTEXT MANAGEMENT 444
USING VIEWS TO MODEL PROBLEM STRUCTURE 449
CONCLUSION 454
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 455
REFERENCES 456
Cognitive aspects of design 514
Chapter 26. The cognitive psychology viewpoint on design: examples from empirical studies 516
INTRODUCTION 516
ORGANIZATION OF THE DESIGN ACTIVITY 517
DESIGN STRATEGIES 524
DESIGN-SOLUTION DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES 528
DISCUSSION 532
REFERENCES 534
Chapter 
536 
INTRODUCTION 536
METHOD 539
RESULTS 544
DISCUSSION 547
REFERENCES 550
Chapter 
554 
1. WHY STUDY DESIGN? 554
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR A MODEL OF CIRCUIT DESIGN 555
3. USER STUDIES 556
4. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS: A DESIGN TRACE 559
5. GOAL-PLAN MODEL 560
6. INFORMATION DERIVED FROM THE REPRESENTATION 565
7. IMPLICATIONS FOR SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 568
8. CONCLUSIONS 569
REFERENCES 569
Industrial applications of AI in design 572
Chapter 29. Keys to the successful development of an AI-based tool for life-cycle design 574
1. BACKGROUND 574
2. DESIGN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS AND DAISIE 575
3. INITIAL FIELD TEST OF THE AI-BASED TOOLS 578
4. DESIGNING A DESIGNER'S TOOL 583
5. OUR CURRENT PROJECT: HyperDAISIE 587
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 591
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 592
REFERENCES 592
Chapter 30. The Castlemaine Project: development of an AI-based design support system 594
INTRODUCTION 594
THE DOMAIN: INDIRECT DRUG DESIGN 595
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION FOR DRUG DESIGN 598
MODELLING REASONING AND DEFINING OBJECTS 601
DESIGN 603
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE PRELIMINARY PROTOTYPE 606
SUMMARY 610
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 611
REFERENCES 611
Chapter 31. Automating the design of telecommunication distribution networks 614
INTRODUCTION 614
DESIGNING 615
TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK DESIGN 616
A DESIGN AUTOMATION SYSTEM FOR TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS 619
EMBEDDING DESIGN 624
OPTIMISING DESIGNS 626
CONCLUSION 631
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 632
REFERENCES 632
Chapter 
634 
1. INTRODUCTION 634
2. CoCo - CONTROL AND OBSERVATION OF CIRCUIT OPTIMISATION 635
3. THE ELECTRICAL KBS 637
4. THE MATHEMATICAL KBS 645
5. COUPLING THE SYSTEMS 650
6. SOME LESSONS 651
7. CONCLUSIONS 652
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 652
REFERENCES 653
Chapter 23. Automated belief revision in plausibility-driven design processes 458
INTRODUCTION 458
THE THEORY OF PLAUSIBLE DESIGNS 460
TRUTH MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS 462
ENCODING CONSTRAINT DEPENDENCY GRAPHS 465
INTRODUCING TPD-BRS 469
CONCLUSIONS 476
REFERENCES 476
Chapter 24. Methods for improving the performance of design systems 478
INTRODUCTION 478
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLEX DESIGN TASKS 479
SELECTION OF TOPIC FOR DEVELOPMENT 480
PRELIMINARY BRIDGE DESIGN 481
METHODS USED FOR IMPLEMENTATION 485
CONCLUSIONS 492
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 493
REFERENCES 493
Chapter 25. A combined generative and patching approach to automate design by assembly 496
1. Introduction 496
2. Functional Reasoning Framework 498
3. Issues and Enhancements 502
4. Patching through Supplantation 506
5. Discussion 511
References 512
Part 5: 
654 
Chapter 33. Qualitative models in conceptual design: a case study 656
ELEMENTARY MECHANISM DESIGN 656
QUALITATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTION 660
MODELLING THE DESIGN OBJECT 663
MAPPING BETWEEN FUNCTION AND ARTIFACT 666
INTERPRETATION OF SKETCHES: KINEMATIC TOPOLOGY 670
CONCLUSIONS 672
References 673
Chapter 34. A graph-based representation to support structural design innovation 676
INTRODUCTION 676
BACKGROUND 677
GRAPH-BASED REPRESENTATION 680
DIMENSIONAL VARIABLE EXPANSION ALGORITHM 684
REPRESENTATION EXAMPLE 687
IMPLEMENTATION 689
RELATION TO OTHER WORK 689
FUTURE EXTENSIONS 691
CONCLUSIONS 692
REFERENCES 692
Chapter 
694 
INTRODUCTION 694
PATENT EVALUATION IN THE UNITED STATES 695
REPRESENTATION SCHEME FOR PRIOR ART 697
EXAMPLE: UTILITY, NOVELTY AND NON-OBVIOUSNESS OF DEVICES 698
UTILITY, NOVELTY AND NON-OBVIOUSNESS EVALUATION 702
APPLICATION TO PATENT EVALUATION AN EXAMPLE 704
CONCLUSION 710
REFERENCES 712
Chapter 36. A segment-based approach to systematic design synthesis 714
INTRODUCTION 714
GENERAL ASPECTS OF AUTOMATING DESIGN 716
AN APPROACH TO AND THE POSTULATES OF AICD 717
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY OF AICD METHODOLOGY 720
METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF SEGMENT-BASED DESIGN 722
SOME ASPECTS OF GEOMETRY REPRESENTATION 726
CONCLUSIONS 729
REFERENCES 729
Design documentation 732
Chapter 37. Building a model for augmented design documentation 734
INTRODUCTION 734
THE ADD MODEL 735
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ADD 739
INITIAL OBSERVATIONS FROM THE DESIGN SESSIONS 745
FUTURE WORK 746
REFERENCES 746
Chapter 
748 
INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION 749
BACKGROUND 750
THE DESIGN MODEL 752
OPERATION OF THE DESIGN MODEL 759
THE DESIGN RECORD 763
SUMMARY 764
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 764
REFERENCES 765
Chapter 39. A knowledge-based approach to the automatic verification of designs from CAD databases 768
INTRODUCTION 768
BACKGROUND 769
THE VERIFICATION TASK 771
MASONRY CONSTRUCTION 772
DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR THE AUTOMATIC VERIFICATION OF DESIGNS FROM CAD DATABASES 776
TYPE A CONSTRUCTION 781
APPLICATION TO BUILDING DESIGN 786
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 789
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 790
REFERENCES 790
Part 6: 
794 
Chapter 40. A preliminary structural design expert system (SPRED-1) based on neural networks 796
INTRODUCTION 796
NEURAL NETWORKS 798
SPRED-1 SYSTEM 800
MODIFICATION OF THE BACK PROPAGATION ALGORITHM 804
APPLICATION EXAMPLES 805
CONCLUSION 809
REFERENCES 809
Chapter 41. Structuring an expert system to design mineshaft equipment 812
INTRODUCTION 812
STRUCTURING THE EXPERT SYSTEM 813
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION 817
THE STRUCTURE OF THE DESIGN PROCESS 818
CONCLUSIONS 822
REFERENCES 823
Chapter 42. Intelligent real time design: application to prototype selection 826
INTRODUCTION 826
MODEL OF THE ROUTINE DESIGN PROCESS AS SEARCH 828
A DECISION-ANALYTIC APPROACH TO IRTPS FOR PROTOTYPE SELECTION 831
PROTOTYPE SELECTION WITH AVAILABLE PARAMETER ESTIMATES 838
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 845
REFERENCES 846
Chapter 43. A study on multicriteria structural optimum design using qualitative reasoning 850
INTRODUCTION 850
OPTIMUM DESIGN IN ENGINEERING 851
EXTENSION OF QUALITATIVE REASONING TO OPTIMUM DESIGN 853
ALGORITHM OF PROPOSED METHOD 856
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 858
CONCLUSIONS 865
REFERENCES 866
Part 7: 
868 
Chapter 
870 
INTRODUCTION 870
SUPPORTING DESIGN CO-ORDINATION 873
THE HIERARCHICAL OBJECT ORIENTED BLACKBOARD SYSTEM (HOBS) 876
AN APPLICATION TO GENERATOR DESIGN 880
DISCUSSION 888
CONCLUSIONS 890
REFERENCES 890
Chapter 
894 
1. INTRODUCTION 894
2. CLASSIFICATION OF DESIGN KNOWLEDGE 896
3. A CONCEPT FOR REPRESENTING AND OPERATING DESIGN KNOWLEDGE 897
4. STATUS OF RESEARCH 905
5. CONCLUSION 905
6. REFERENCES 906
Chapter 46. The ICADS expert design advisor: concepts and directions 908
THE NOTION OF DESIGN PARADIGMS 908
AN EXPERT DESIGN ADVISOR 911
THE ICADS EXPERT DESIGN ADVISOR 913
ISSUES OF CONCERN 924
CONCLUSIONS 928
REFERENCES 929
Chapter 47. A knowledge-level analysis of several design tools 932
1. INTRODUCTION 932
2. NOMENCLATURE 934
3. KNOWLEDGE-LEVEL ANALYSIS AND PROBLEM CHARACTERIZATION 935
4. PRELIMINARY RESULTS 938
5. DISCUSSION 947
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 949
REFERENCES 950
Author index 952
Author electronic addresses 953