Particle Deposition and Aggregation (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Particle Deposition and Aggregation: Measurement, Modelling and Simulation 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 14
Part I: Theoretical analysis of deposition and aggregation phenomena 18
Chapter 1. Introduction 20
Chapter 2. Electrical properties of interfaces 26
Nomenclature 26
2.1 INTRODUCTION 27
2.2 The electrical double layer 28
2.3 Electrokinetic phenomena 40
Bibliography 48
References 48
Chapter 3. Surface interaction potentials 50
Nomenclature 50
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Double layer interaction between macroscopic bodies 51
3.3 Van der Waals interaction 59
3.4 Non-DLVO forces 67
3.5 DLVO description of colloidal stability 75
Bibliography 80
References 80
Chapter 4. Colloidal hydrodynamics and transport 85
Nomenclature 85
4.1 Basic concepts in fluid and particle dynamics 88
4.2. Brownian motion and diffusion 94
4.3 Motion of a single sphere 96
4.4 Relative motion of two spheres 100
4.5 Concentration dependence of diffusion coefficients 110
4.6 Quantitative description of deposition phenomena 113
4.7 Bibliography 123
4.8 References 124
Part II: Modelling and simulation 128
Chapter 5. Modelling of particle deposition onto ideal collectors 130
Nomenclature 130
5.1 Rotating disc system 133
5.2 Stagnation-point flow 137
5.3 Parallel-plate channel 140
5.4 Spherical collector 143
5.5 Interaction-force boundary-layer approximation 149
5.6 Trajectory analysis 155
5.7 Representative model predictions of particle deposition 160
Bibliography 171
References 171
Chapter 6. Modelling of aggregation processes 174
Nomenclature 174
6.1 Collisions and aggregation: the Smoluchowski approach 175
6.2 Collision mechanisms 177
6.3 Collision efficiencies 188
6.4 Form of aggregates 197
6.5 Aggregate strength and break-up 203
6.6 Aggregate size distributions 205
6.7 Flocculation by polymers 211
Bibliography 216
References 217
Chapter 7. Selection of a simulation method 220
Nomenclature 220
7.1 Overview of simulation protocol 222
7.2 Useful concepts in statistical mechanics 226
7.3 Monte Carlo methods 230
7.4 Molecular dynamics methods 235
7.5 Brownian dynamics methods 241
Bibliography 247
References 247
Chapter 8. Implementation of computer simulations 251
Nomenclature 251
8.1 Pair potential models 252
8.2 Periodic boundary conditions 254
8.3 Generating random numbers 256
8.4 Example: implementation of Metropolis MC simulation 259
8.5 Computer hardware 261
8.6 Visualization of simulation results 270
8.7 Appendices 271
Bibliography 277
References 277
Part III: Experimental methods and model validation techniques 278
Chapter 9. Experimental techniques for aggregation studies 280
Nomenclature 280
9.1 General – choice of technique 281
9.2 Particle counting and sizing 282
9.3 Light-scattering methods 285
9.4 Other optical methods 296
9.5 Aggregate properties 300
Bibliography 304
References 304
Chapter 10. Experimental techniques in particle deposition kinetics 307
Nomenclature 307
10.1 System requirements 308
10.2 Particle-counting methods 311
10.3 Model deposition systems 313
10.4 Determination of experimental collision efficiencies 322
Bibliography 324
References 324
Chapter 11. Theoretical predictions compared to experimental observations in particle deposition kinetics 327
Nomenclature 327
11.1 Deposition with repulsive double layers 328
11.2 Deposition in the presence of attractive double layers 334
11.3 Possible explanations for observed discrepancies in unfavourable deposition 339
11.4 A semi-empirical approach for predicting collision efficiencies 353
Bibliography 357
References 357
Part IV: Applications and limitations of predictive modelling 362
Chapter 12. Performance of packed-bed filters 364
Nomenclature 364
12.1 Particle removal mechanisms 365
12.2 Modelling of particle removal in granular filtration 366
12.3 Predictions of filter performance 371
Bibliography 376
References 377
Chapter 13. Transport of colloidal materials in ground water 378
Nomenclature 378
13.1 Transport of viruses in soils and ground water 379
13.2 Transport of colloids and associated pollutants in ground water 382
13.3 Colloid travel distances in porous media 385
Bibliography 390
References 390
Chapter 14. Advanced simulation of porous media and filtration processes 393
Nomenclature 393
14.1 Classification of filtration processes and models 393
14.2 Random line network model 396
14.3 Poisson point-line model 399
14.4 Tessellation models 405
14.5 Random packing of spheres 410
14.6 References 417
Chapter 15. Application of simulation techniques to colloidal dispersion systems 419
Nomenclature 419
15.1 MC simulation of triplet formation 420
15.2 MC simulation of magnetic flocculation 421
15.3 BD simulation of colloidal aggregation 426
15.4 BD simulation of colloidal deposition 427
15.5 Simulation of colloids under shear 431
15.6 Stokesian dynamics simulations 437
15.7 Conclusions 440
References 441
Author Index 444
Subject Index 450