Systems Analysis and Design

Dr. Alan R. Dennis is a professor of internet systems at Indiana  University. He has written over 60 journal articles and has published 4 books. He is the senior editor for the MIS Quarterly and also serves on the editorial board for the Journal of MIS, Association for MIS, Computer Mediated Communication and the International Journal of e-Collaboration.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design 1


Introduction 1


The Systems Development Life Cycle 2


Planning 3


Analysis 3


Design 4


Implementation 4


Systems Development Methodologies 5


Structured Design 6


Rapid Application Development (RAD) 8


Agile Development 12


Selecting the Appropriate Development Methodology 15


Typical Systems Analyst Roles and Skills 17


Business Analyst 18


Systems Analyst 18


Infrastructure Analyst 18


Change Management Analyst 19


Project Manager 19


Basic Characteristics of Object-Oriented Systems 19


Classes and Objects 19


Methods and Messages 20


Encapsulation and Information Hiding 20


Inheritance 21


Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding 22


Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design (OOSAD) 23


Use-Case Driven 24


Architecture-Centric 24


Iterative and Incremental 24


Benefits of Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design 25


The Unified Process 25


Phases 26


Workflows 28


Extensions to the Unified Process 30


The Unified Modeling Language 34


Applying the concepts at Patterson superstore 36


Chapter Review 36


Chapter 2 Project Management 41


Introduction 41


Project Identification 43


System Request 44


Feasibility Analysis 45


Technical Feasibility 45


Economic Feasibility 46


Organizational Feasibility 51


Project Selection 53


Traditional Project Management Tools 54


Work Breakdown Structures 55


Gantt chart 56


Network Diagram 57


Project Effort Estimation 58


Creating and Managing the Workplan 63


Evolutionary Work Breakdown Structures and Iterative Workplans 63


Managing Scope 67


Timeboxing 68


Refining Estimates 69


Managing Risk 70


Staffing the Project 71


Characteristics of a Jelled Team 71


Staffing Plan 73


Motivation 75


Handling Conflict 76


Environment and Infrastructure Management 76


CASE Tools 77


Standards 77


Documentation 78


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 80


Chapter Review 80


PART ONE ANALYSIS MODELING 85


Chapter 3 Requirements Determination 86


Introduction 86


Requirements Determination 87


Defining a Requirement 87


Requirements Definition 89


Determining Requirements 89


Creating a Requirements Definition 91


Real-World Problems with Requirements Determination 91


Requirements Analysis Strategies 92


Problem Analysis 92


Root Cause Analysis 92


Duration Analysis 93


Activity-Based Costing 94


Informal Benchmarking 94


Outcome Analysis 95


Technology Analysis 95


Activity Elimination 95


Requirements-Gathering Techniques 95


Interviews 96


Joint Application Development (JAD) 100


Questionnaires 104


Document Analysis 106


Observation 108


Selecting the Appropriate Techniques 108


Alternative Requirements Documentation Techniques 110


Concept Maps 110


User Stories 112


The System Proposal 113


Applying the Concepts at Patterson


Superstore 114


Chapter review 114


Chapter 4 Business Process and Functional Modeling 119


Introduction 119


Business Process Identification with Use Cases and Use-Case Diagrams 121


Elements of Use-Case Diagrams 121


Identifying the Major Use Cases 126


Creating a Use-Case Diagram 127


Business Process Modeling with Activity Diagrams 129


Elements of an Activity Diagram 131


Guidelines for Creating Activity Diagrams 136


Creating Activity Diagrams 137


Business Process Documentation with Use Cases and Use-Case Descriptions 140


Types of Use Cases 141


Elements of a Use-Case Description 141


Guidelines for Creating Use-Case Descriptions 145


Creating Use Case Descriptions 146


Verifying and Validating the Business


Processes and Functional Models 153


Verification and Validation through Walkthroughs 153


Functional Model Verification and Validation 154


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 157


Chapter Review 157


Chapter 5 Structural Modeling 163


Introduction 163


Structural Models 164


Classes, Attributes, and Operations 164


Relationships 165


Object Identification 166


Textual Analysis 166


Brainstorming 167


Common Object Lists 169


Patterns 169


Crc Cards 172


Responsibilities and Collaborations 172


Elements of a CRC Card 173


Role-Playing CRC Cards with Use Cases 174


Class Diagrams 176


Elements of a Class Diagram 176


Simplifying Class Diagrams 184


Object Diagrams 184


Creating Structural Models Using CRC Cards and Class Diagrams 185


Campus Housing Example 187


Library Example 187


Verifying and Validating the Structural Model 194


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 197


Chapter Review 198


Chapter 6 Behavioral Modeling 202


Introduction 202


Behavioral Models 203


Interaction Diagrams 204


Objects, Operations, and Messages 204


Sequence Diagrams 204


Communication Diagrams 216


Behavioral State Machines 221


States, Events, Transitions, Actions, and Activities 221


Elements of a Behavioral State Machine 222


Creating a Behavioral State Machine 226


Crude Analysis 229


Verifying and Validating the Behavioral Model 233


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 235


Chapter Review 235


PART TWO DESIGN MODELING 239


Chapter 7 Moving on to Design 240


Introduction 240


Verifying and Validating the Analysis Models 242


Balancing Functional and Structural Models 242


Balancing Functional and Behavioral Models 243


Balancing Structural and Behavioral Models 251


Summary 254


Evolving the Analysis Models into Design Models 257


Factoring 257


Partitions and Collaborations 258


Layers 259


Packages and Package Diagrams 262


Guidelines for Creating Package Diagrams 264


Creating Package Diagrams 266


Verifying and Validating Package Diagrams 266


Design Strategies 268


Custom Development 268


Packaged Software 269


Outsourcing 270


Selecting a Design Strategy 272


Selecting an Acquisition Strategy 273


Alternative Matrix 274


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 276


Chapter Review 276


Chapter 8 Class and Method Design 280


Introduction 280


Review of the Basic Characteristics of Object Orientation 282


Classes, Objects, Methods, and Messages 282


Encapsulation and Information Hiding 282


Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding 282


Inheritance 284


Design Criteria 286


Coupling 286


Cohesion 289


Connascence 292


Object Design Activities 293


Adding Specifications 293


Identifying Opportunities for Reuse 294


Restructuring the Design 297


Optimizing the Design 298


Mapping Problem-Domain Classes to Implementation Languages 300


Constraints and Contracts 304


Types of Constraints 306


Elements of a Contract 306


Method Specification 314


General Information 314


Events 314


Message Passing 315


Algorithm Specifications 316


Example 318


Verifying and Validating Class and Method Design 319


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 322


Chapter review 322


Chapter 9 Data Management Layer Design 326


Introduction 326


Object Persistence Formats 327


Sequential and Random Access Files 327


Relational Databases 330


Object-Relational Databases 332


Object-Oriented Databases 332


NoSQL Data Stores 333


Selecting an Object Persistence Format 335


Mapping Problem Domain Objects to Object Persistence Formats 337


Mapping Problem Domain Objects to an OODBMS Format 338


Mapping Problem Domain Objects to an ORDBMS Format 341


Mapping Problem Domain Objects to a RDBMS Format 344


Optimizing Rdbms-Based Object Storage 346


Optimizing Storage Efficiency 347


Optimizing Data Access Speed 351


Estimating Data Storage Size 356


Designing Data Access and Manipulation Classes 357


Nonfunctional Requirements and Data Management Layer Design 360


Verifying and Validating the Data Management Layer 361


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 362


Chapter Review 362


Chapter 10 Human–Computer Interaction Layer Design 367


Iintroduction 367


Principles for User Interface Design 368


Layout 369


Content Awareness 369


Aesthetics 370


User Experience 371


Consistency 371


Minimizing User Effort 372


User Interface Design Process 372


Use Scenario Development 373


Navigation Structure Design 375


Interface Standards Design 376


Interface Design Prototyping 377


Interface Evaluation 380


Common Sense Approach to User Interface Design 382


Navigation Design 383


Basic Principles 383


Types of Navigation Controls 384


Messages 386


Navigation Design Documentation 387


Input Design 387


Basic Principles 387


Types of Inputs 390


Input Validation 391


Output Design 392


Basic Principles 392


Types of Outputs 394


Media 394


Mobile Computing and User Interface Design 395


Social Media and User Interface Design 398


Games, Multi-Dimensional Information Visualizations, and Immersive Environments 400


Games, Gamification, and User Interface Design 400


Multidimensional Information Visualization Design 402


User Interface Design and Immersive Environments 404


International and Cultural Issues and User Interface Design 406


Multilingual Requirements 406


Color 407


Cultural Differences 407


Nonfunctional Requirements and Human-Computer Interaction Layer Design 410


Applying the Concepts at Patterson


Superstore 411


Chapter review 411


Chapter 11 Physical Architecture Layer Design 418


Introduction 418


Elements of the Physical Architecture Layer 419


Architectural Components 419


Server-Based Architectures 420


Client-Based Architectures 420


Client–Server Architectures 421


Client–Server Tiers 422


Selecting a Physical Architecture 424


Cloud Computing 426


Ubiquitous Computing and the Internet of Things 428


Green IT 431


Infrastructure Design 432


Deployment Diagram 432


Network Model 434


Hardware and System Software Specifications 438


Nonfunctional Requirements and Physical Architecture Layer Design 440


Operational Requirements 441


Performance Requirements 442


Security Requirements 444


Cultural and Political Requirements 447


Synopsis 448


Verifying and Validating the Physical Architecture Layer 449


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 450


Chapter Review 450

 PART THREE CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, AND OPERATIONS 455


Chapter 12 Construction 456


Introduction 456


Managing Programming 457


Assigning Programmers 457


Coordinating Activities 458


Managing the Schedule 458


Cultural Issues 460


Developing Documentation 462


Types of Documentation 463


Designing Documentation Structure 463


Writing Documentation Topics 465


Identifying Navigation Terms 465


Designing Tests 467


Testing and Object Orientation 468


Test Planning 469


Unit Tests 471


Integration Tests 475


System Tests 476


Acceptance Tests 477


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 478


Chapter Review 478


Chapter 13 Installation and Operations 481


Introduction 481


Cultural Issues and Information Technology Adoption 483


Conversion 485


Conversion Style 486


Conversion Location 486


Conversion Modules 487


Selecting the Appropriate Conversion Strategy 488


Change Management 489


Understanding Resistance to Change 490


Revising Management Policies 491


Assessing Costs and Benefits 492


Motivating Adoption 493


Enabling Adoption: Training 495


Post-Implementation Activities 497


System Support 497


System Maintenance 498


Project Assessment 500


Applying the Concepts at Patterson Superstore 502


Chapter Review 502


Index 507