Digital Video and HD (eBook)

Algorithms and Interfaces

Charles Poynton (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2012 | 2. Auflage
752 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-391932-8 (ISBN)

Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces provides a one-stop shop for the theory and engineering of digital video systems. Equally accessible to video engineers and those working in computer graphics, Charles Poynton's revision to his classic text covers emergent compression systems, including H.264 and VP8/WebM, and augments detailed information on JPEG, DVC, and MPEG-2 systems. This edition also introduces the technical aspects of file-based workflows and outlines the emerging domain of metadata, placing it in the context of digital video processing.

Basic concepts of digitization, sampling, quantization, gamma, and filtering
Principles of color science as applied to image capture and display
Scanning and coding of SDTV and HDTV
Video color coding: luma, chroma (4:2:2 component video, 4fSC composite video)
Analog NTSC and PAL
Studio systems and interfaces
Compression technology, including M-JPEG and MPEG-2
Broadcast standards and consumer video equipment

Charles Poynton is an independent contractor specializing in digital color imaging systems, including digital video, HDTV, and digital cinema. A Fellow of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), Poynton was awarded the Society's prestigious David Sarnoff Gold Medal for his work to integrate video technology with computing and communications. Poynton is the author of the widely respected book, A Technical Introduction to Digital Video, published in 1996. Engineers (SMPTE), and in 1994 was awarded the Society's David Sarnoff Gold Medal for his work to integrate video technology with computing and communications. He is also the author of A Technical Introduction to Digital Video.

Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces provides a one-stop shop for the theory and engineering of digital video systems. Equally accessible to video engineers and those working in computer graphics, Charles Poynton's revision to his classic text covers emergent compression systems, including H.264 and VP8/WebM, and augments detailed information on JPEG, DVC, and MPEG-2 systems. This edition also introduces the technical aspects of file-based workflows and outlines the emerging domain of metadata, placing it in the context of digital video processing. Basic concepts of digitization, sampling, quantization, gamma, and filtering Principles of color science as applied to image capture and display Scanning and coding of SDTV and HDTV Video color coding: luma, chroma (4:2:2 component video, 4fSC composite video) Analog NTSC and PAL Studio systems and interfaces Compression technology, including M-JPEG and MPEG-2 Broadcast standards and consumer video equipment

Figures

Preface

P.1 Scanning a raster

Part 1 — Introduction

Raster images

1.1 Pixel arrays

1.2 Aspect ratio

1.3 The choice of 16:9 aspect ratio

1.4 Cartesian coordinates

1.5 Scene, lens, image plane

1.6 Digitization

1.7 Audio taper

1.8 Grey paint samples

1.9 Comparison of aspect ratios

1.10 SD to HD pixel mapping

1.11 Aspect ratio changes

1.12 When centre-cut

1.13 Pan-and-scan

1.14 Letterbox format

1.15 Pillarbox format

1.16 Squeeze to 3/4

1.17 A normal image

1.18 Stretch to 4/3

Image acquisition and presentation

2.1 Image acquisition

2.2 Colour as a dramatic device

2.3 Image approval

2.4 Stages of production

2.5 Consumer origination

Linear-light and perceptual uniformity

3.1 The ITU-R BT.815 pattern

3.2 A contrast sensitivity test pattern

3.3 The “code 100” problem

3.4 The “code 100” problem is mitigated

3.5 Agreyscale ramp

3.6 Agreyscale ramp, augmented

Quantization

4.1 A Quantizer transfer function

4.2 Peak-to-peak, peak, and RMS values

4.3 Full-swing 8-bit quantization

4.4 Footroom and headroom

4.5 A Mid-tread quantizer for C B and C R

Contrast, brightness, CONTRAST, and BRIGHTNESS

5.1 Relationship between pixel value and L*

5.2 Effect of gain control

5.3 Effect of offset control

5.4 Effect of gain control

5.5 Effect of offset control

5.6 Contrast ratio and lightness (L*)

5.7 BLACK LEVEL and WHITE LEVEL controls

5.8 The BRIGHTNESS (or BLACK LEVEL) control in video

5.9 The CONTRAST (or VIDEO LEVEL) control in video

5.10 The BRIGHTNESS control in Photoshop

5.11 The CONTRAST control in Photoshop

5.12 Photoshop CONTRAST control’s gain factor

Raster images in computing

6.1 Raster image data

6.2 Truecolour (24-bit) graphics

6.3 Pseudocolour (8-bit) graphics

Image structure

7.1 “Box” reconstruction

7.2 Gaussian reconstruction

7.3 Diagonal line reconstruction

7.4 Contone image reconstruction

7.5 One frame of an animated sequence

7.6 A Moiré pattern

7.7 Bitmapped graphic image, rotated

7.8 Gaussian spot size

Raster scanning

8.1 Adual-bladed shutter

8.2 Blanking intervals

8.3 The Production aperture

8.4 The Clean aperture

8.5 Interlaced format

8.6 Twitter

8.7 Horizontal and vertical drive

8.8 Progressive and interlaced scanning

8.9 Modern image format notation

Resolution

9.1 Magnitude frequency response

9.2 Snellen chart

9.3 The astronomers’ rule of thumb

9.4 The viewing distance

9.5 The picture angle

9.6 Picture height

9.7 A Resolution wedge

Constant luminance

10.1 Formation of relative luminance

10.2 Hypothetical chroma components (linear-light)

10.3 Encoding nonlinearly coded relative luminance

10.4 Decoding nonlinearly coded relative luminance

10.5 The CRT transfer function

10.6 Compensating the CRT transfer function

10.7 Rearranged decoder

10.8 Simplified decoder

10.9 Rearranged encoder

10.10 Chroma components

10.11 Subsampled chroma components

10.12 Y′ and C B/C R waveforms at the green-magenta transition

10.13 Luminance waveform at the green-magenta transition

10.14 Failure to adhere to constant luminance

Picture rendering

11.1 Surround effect

11.2 Imposition of picture rendering at decoder, hypothetical

11.3 Imposition of picture rendering at encoder

Introduction to luma and chroma

12.1 Chroma subsampling

12.2 Chroma subsampling notation

12.3 Subsampling schemes

12.4 An Interstitial chroma filter for JPEG/JFIF

12.5 A cosited chroma filter for BT.601, 4:2:2

12.6 A cosited chroma filter for MPEG-2, 4:2:0

Introduction to component SD

13.1 SD digital video rasters

13.2 SD sample rates

13.3 Interlacing in 480i

13.4 Interlacing in 576i

13.5 Interlacing in MPEG-2

Introduction to composite NTSC and PAL

14.1 NTSC chroma modulation and frequency interleaving

14.2 The S-video interface

Introduction to HD

15.1 HD rasters at 30 and 60 frames per second

15.2 HD rasters at 24 Hz and 25 Hz

Introduction to video compression

16.1 16.1 Interpicture coding

16.3 An MPEG P-picture

16.4 An MPEG B-picture

16.5 The three-level MPEG picture hierarchy

16.6 Example GoP

16.7 Example 9-picture GoP without B-pictures

16.8 GoP reordered for transmission

Part 2 — Theory

Filtering and sampling

20.1 Cosine waves less than and greater than 0.5f S

20.2 Cosine waves at exactly 0.5f S

20.3 Point sampling

20.4 The Box weighting function

20.5 Boxcar filtering

20.6 Aliasing due to boxcar filtering

20.7 Frequency response of a boxcar filter

20.8 The sinc weighting function

20.8 A Gaussian function

20.10 Waveforms of three temporal extents

20.11 Fourier transform pairs

20.12 A [1, 1] FIR filter

20.13 A [1, −1] FIR filter

20.14 A [1, 0, 1] FIR filter

20.15 A [1, 0, −1] FIR filter

20.16 A very...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	27.2.2012
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Informatik ► Grafik / Design ► Film- / Video-Bearbeitung
	Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Software Entwicklung
	Informatik ► Weitere Themen ► CAD-Programme
ISBN-10	0-12-391932-0 / 0123919320
ISBN-13	978-0-12-391932-8 / 9780123919328

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