Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques Vol II (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques Volume 2 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Descriptions and Diagrams of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques – An Encyclopedic Overview 10
PART 3 Diagrams and Descriptions of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques: An Encyclopedic Overview 26
Chapter 1 Hydrogen 28
1-0 Introduction 28
1-1 Water-Sampling Techniques 29
1-2 Waters from Different Sources – Analytical Methods 52
1-3 Organic Compounds 193
1-4 Hydrogen Absorbed in Metal 240
1-5 Labeled Water Methods 241
Chapter 2 Lithium 252
2-0 Introduction 252
Chapter 3 Boron 254
3-0 Introduction 254
Chapter 4 Carbon 256
4-1 Organic Materials 256
4-2 Gas Compounds 297
4-3 Compounds from Water 298
4-4 Compounds in Rock and Minerals 299
4-5 Carbon (13C/12C) and Oxygen (18O/16O) Isotopes in Carbonate Rock and Minerals 300
4-6 Graphite and Diamond 350
4-7 Cyanides 354
4-8 SiC (Moissanite) and TiC 355
Chapter 5 Nitrogen 358
5-1 Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium and Cyanide 358
5-2 Organic Materials 369
5-3 Gaseous Compounds 431
Chapter 6 Oxygen 432
6-1 Silicate Minerals, Oxides and Rock Samples 432
6-2 Waters From Different Sources 480
6-3 Organic Materials 543
6-4 Sulfates 597
6-5 Phosphates 607
6-6 Carbonate Rock and Minerals 608
6-7 Nitrates 609
6-8 Metal Oxides 614
6-9 17O – A Review on .17O Determination Methods 616
Chapter 7 Silicium 646
7-0 Introduction 646
Chapter 8 Sulfur 648
8-0 Introduction 648
8-1 Sulfides 652
8-2 Elemental Sulfur 694
8-3 Sulfates 698
8-4 Complex Organic Materials and Organic Compounds 722
8-5 Sulfur in Metals 739
8-6 .33S and .36S: Mass Independent Fractionation 744
Chapter 9 Chlorine 748
9-0 Introduction 748
Chapter 10 Selenium 750
10-0 Introduction 750
10-1 Preparation Methods 753
10-2 Fluorination Method 759
10-3 GC-MS Method 759
10-4 TIMS Method 760
10-5 ICP-MS 762
10-6 Neutron Activation Method 765
Chapter 11 Bromine 768
11-0 Introduction 768
Chapter 12 Mg, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge 770
12-0 Introduction 770
12-1 Magnesium (Mg) 791
12-2 Potassium (K) 801
12-3 Calcium (Ca) 807
12-4 Titanium (Ti) 841
12-5 Vanadium (V) 846
12-6 Chromium (Cr) 847
12-7 Iron (Fe) 853
12-8 Nickel (Ni) 872
12-9 Copper (Cu) 876
12-10 Zinc (Zn) 886
12-11 Gallium (Ga) 902
12-12 Germanium (Ge) 904
Chapter 13 Whole Rock, Soil and Sediment Analytical Techniques and Stepped Heating Methods 908
13-1 Whole Rock Analytical Techniques 908
13-2 Soil and Sediment Analytical Techniques 932
13-3 Stepped Heating Methods 955
Chapter 14 Fluids and Gases from Inclusions or Dissolved in Rocks or Glasses (H, C, N, O Isotopes) 956
14-1 Isotopes of Fluids from Inclusions 956
14-2 Fusion of Minerals with Sodium Carbonate to Release Inclusion Water 958
14-3 Raman Spectroscopy in Inclusions 958
14-4 Laser Techniques 959
14-5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Technique 959
Chapter 15 Compounds in Water Reservoirs 962
15-0 Introduction 962
15-1 Carbon Compounds 962
15-2 Nitrogen Compounds 969
15-3 Sulfur Compounds 971
15-4 Oxygen Compounds 981
15-5 Stripping of Gases from Water 982
Chapter 16 Atmospheric – Tropospheric – Stratospheric Compounds 984
16-1 Carbon Oxides 984
16-2 Water Vapor 990
16-3 Oxygen 994
16-4 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Compounds 1005
16-5 Sulfur Compounds 1009
16-6 Hydrogen and Some Hydrogen Compounds 1011
16-7 Air (Gas Mixture) from Ice Inclusions 1014
16-8 Raman Spectroscopy 1015
Chapter 17 Non-Atmospheric Natural Gases 1016
17-1 Natural Hydrocarbon Gas Reservoirs 1016
17-2 Gas from Soils 1021
17-3 Gas from Water Reservoirs 1021
17-4 Volcanic Gases – Fumaroles 1021
17-5 Biological Gases 1024
17-6 H2S 1026
17-7 Pure O2 Gas 1028
17-8 Sulfur Fluoride Gases: SF4, S2F10, SF5CL 1028
Chapter 18 Absolute Stable Isotope Measurement 1030
18-0 Introduction 1030
18-1 Avogadro II Amount Comparator 1030
18-2 Nuclear Techniques 1031
18-3 Measurement of Absolute Isotopic Compositions of Water by Water Containing no Deuterium 1031
18-4 Fluorination Techniques 1032
Chapter 19 Mass Spectrometer Correction and Calibration Procedures 1034
19-1 Corrections and Calibrations for MS Measurements 1034
19-2 Impurities in Gases Causing Mass Interference During MS Measurement 1050
19-3 Measuring on Less Common Gases 1050
Chapter 20 Isotope Separation Methods 1052
20-1 Magnetic Field (MS Isotope Separation) 1052
20-2 Chemical Exchange Processes 1052
20-3 Centrifuge 1053
20-4 Gaseous Diffusion 1053
20-5 Thermal Diffusion 1053
20-6 Electrodiffusion 1053
20-7 Distillation 1053
20-8 Freezing 1054
20-9 Electrolysis 1054
20-10 Laser 1054
20-11 Ion Cyclotron Resonance 1055
20-12 Chromatographic Techniques 1055
20-13 Ultraviolet Light Photolysis – Photochemistry 1059
20-14 Microwave Plasma Isotopic Effect 1059
Appendix A List of Stable Isotopes and their Relative Abundance in Nature 1060
Appendix B Chemicals Commonly used for Stable Isotope Analytical Preparations 1062
Appendix C Vacuum Technology and Related Matters 1070
C-1 Introduction and References 1070
C-2 Vacuum Pump Types 1070
C-3 Vacuum Gauges 1073
C-4 Stopcocks for Vacuum Systems 1074
C-5 Break Seal Devices for Releasing Samples in a Vacuum System 1077
C-6 Slush and Thermostated Baths 1081
C-7 Gas Separation, Purification and Conversion Devices 1083
C-8 Equilibration of Gas 1105
C-9 Gas Transport in a Vacuum System 1105
C-10 Introducing Water Samples in a Vacuum System 1106
C-11 Leak Testing Procedures on Vacuum Systems 1107
C-12 Yield Measurement Systems 1108
C-13 Gas Absorption in PTFE, FETFE and Viton Materials 1109
C-14 Glass Quality, Impurities and Absorption 1109
C-15 Overpressure Safety Valves in Glass Systems 1112
Appendix D List of Theses Including Stable Isotope Studies 1114
Appendix E Handbooks on Stable Isotope Matters 1132
Corrections and Additions to Volume I 1140
Chapter 26 1140
Chapter 28 1141
Chapter 40 1143
Chapter 41 1145
Chapter 46 1146
Appendix B. The Updated Stable Isotope Fractionation Calculator (SIFC) 1147
References 1150
Subject Index 1350