Radiation in the Atmosphere (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Radiation in the Atmosphere 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 14
Editor's Preface 8
Preface 10
Chapter 1. Radiant Energy. The Main Concepts and Definitions 18
1.1. The Sun as the Source of Radiation. The Concept of Stellar Temperatures 18
1.2. General Information on Radiant Fluxes in the Atmosphere 23
1.3. Main Quantitative Characteristics of a Radiation Field 26
1.4. Fundamental Laws of Thermal Radiation 39
1.5. Thermal Emission of Real Bodies 52
1.6. The Equation of Radiative Transfer for a Stationary Radiation Field 60
References 64
Chapter 2. Methods of Actinometric Measurements 66
2.1. General Characteristic of the Methods for Measurement of Radiant Energy 66
2.2. Instruments for Measuring Direct Solar Radiation 69
2.3. Instruments for Measuring Global and Diffuse Radiation and Albedo 77
2.4. Instruments for Measuring Brightness and Illumination 82
2.5. Instruments for Measuring Radiation Balance and Effective Radiation 83
2.6. Main Types of Instruments for Spectral Measurements 89
2.7. Instruments for Measuring Atmospheric Thermal Emission 94
2.8. Instruments for Measuring Shortwave Radiation Fluxes 96
References 100
Chapter 3. Radiation Absorption in the Atmosphere 102
3.1. General Principles of Selective Radiation Absorption 103
3.2. The Absorption Spectrum of Water and Water Vapor 124
3.3. The Absorption Spectrum of CO2 140
3.4. The Absorption Spectra of Ozone and Oxygen 149
3.5. General Characteristic of Minor Radiation–Absorbing Components of the Atmosphere 156
3.6. The Integral Transmission Function of the Atmosphere for Thermal Radiation 158
3.7. Absorption Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere as a Method for Investigation of the Atmospheric Composition 161
References 168
Chapter 4. Scattering of Radiation in the Atmosphere 178
4.1. The Solar Ray Path in the Atmosphere 178
4.2. Scattering of Radiation (General Considerations) 186
4.3. Rayleigh Scattering 188
4.4. Scattering of Radiation on Large Particles 197
4.5. Computation of the Attenuation in the Atmosphere due to Scattering 211
4.6. Elementary Theory of Radiative Transfer, Including Multiple Scattering 217
4.7. Radiation Scattering and the Structure of Atmospheric Aerosol 226
References 229
Chapter 5. Direct Solar Radiation 234
5.1. Distribution of Energy in the Solar Spectrum at the Earth's Surface Level 234
5.2. Spectral Atmospheric Transparency 251
5.3. Energy Distribution in the Solar Spectrum outside the Atmosphere 262
5.4. The Solar Constant 269
5.5. Total Attenuation of Solar Radiation in an Ideal Atmosphere 277
5.6. Quantitative Characteristics of the Real Atmospheric Transparency 280
5.7. Some Data of Observations on the Variation of the Atmospheric Transparency State 300
5.8. Attenuation of Solar Radiation by Clouds 317
5.9. Theoretical Calculations of Irradiation of the Earth's Surface by the Sun 321
5.10. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Fluxes and Totals of Solar Radiation 334
5.11. Income of Solar Radiation on Slant Surfaces 359
References 372
Chapter 6. Diffuse Radiation of the Atmosphere 380
6.1. Energy Distribution in the Spectrum of Diffuse Radiation 380
6.2. Angular Distribution of Diffuse Radiation Intensity 385
6.3. Fluxes of Diffuse Radiation 393
6.4. The Main Observed Regularities of the Variability of Diffuse Radiation Totals 417
References 425
Chapter 7. Albedo of the Underlying Surface and Clouds 428
7.1. Spectral Albedo of Natural Underlying Surfaces 428
7.2. Albedo of Various Continental Underlying Surfaces 439
7.3. Albedo of Water Basins 448
7.4. Albedo of Clouds 457
7.5. Geographical Distribution of Albedo 461
References 466
Chapter 8. Global Radiation 470
8.1. Energy Distribution in the Spectrum of Global Radiation 470
8.2. Fluxes of Global Radiation 474
8.3. The Main Observed Regularities in the Variability of Global Radiation Totals 487
8.4. Incoming Shortwave Radiation on Oriented Slant Surfaces 502
8.5. Income of Global Radiation Under Vegetative Covers 519
8.6. Penetration of Radiant Energy into Water, Ice, and Snow 534
8.7. Illumination 548
References 549
Chapter 9. Thermal Radiation of the Atmosphere 555
9.1. The Phenomenological Theory of the Transfer of Thermal Radiation in the Atmosphere 555
9.2. Approximate Transfer Equations and Their Use for Calculating Thermal Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere 563
9.3. Radiation Charts 568
9.4. Radiative Heat Transfer in Clouds 575
9.5. Effective Radiation of the Underlying Surface and the Downward Atmospheric Radiation 576
9.6. Angular Distribution of Intensity of Effective Radiation and Atmospheric Emission over the Celestial Sphere 601
9.7. Some Practical Applications of Data on the Angular Distribution of the Intensities of Effective Radiation and Atmospheric Emission 616
9.8. Distribution of Energy in the Spectrum of Effective Radiation and Downward Atmospheric Radiation 634
9.9. Emission Spectroscopy as a Means of Investigating the Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere 641
References 663
Chapter 10. Net Radiation 672
10.1. Observed Regularities in Variation of Net Radiation of the Underlying Surface 674
10.2. Results of Calculations of Net Radiation at the Underlying Surface 689
10.3. The Net Radiation of Slopes 697
10.4. Net Radiation and Its Components in a Free Atmosphere 703
10.5. Climatology of Net Radiation of the Earth 745
10.6. Investigations of the Earth's Net Radiation by Means of Satellites 767
10.7. Statistical Features of the Net Radiation of the Earth-Atmosphere System 782
References 799
Chapter 11. Temperature Variation in the Atmosphere Due to Radiative Heat Exchange 808
11.1. Equation for the Heat Inflow 808
11.2. Methods for Calculating Radiative Heat Inflow 812
11.3. Results of Calculations of Radiative Flux Divergence 821
11.4. Radiation Factors in the Thermal Regime of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere 831
11.5. Relation between Radiative and Turbulent Heat Exchange in the Surface Layer of the Atmosphere 846
References 849
Additional Bibliography 854
Appendixes 877
Author Index 906
Subject Index 924