Simulation and Verification of Electronic and Biological Systems (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Contents 9
List of Contributors 14
Parallel Transistor-Level Circuit Simulation 17
Introduction 18
Background 18
Parallelism Opportunities in Circuit Simulation 20
Parallel Netlist Parser 20
Parallel Approach for Nested Solver Loop 21
Device Evaluation 22
Linear Solvers for Circuit Simulation 23
Graph Mitigation using Multi-level Newton Methods 27
Multi-level Newton Method 27
Preserving Singleton Removal 28
Software 29
Parallel Linear Solver Strategy Comparison 31
Explanation of Tables 31
Numerical Results 32
Graph Mitigation Example 34
Conclusion 35
References 36
A Perspective on Fast-SPICE Simulation Technology 38
Introduction 38
SPICE: Transistor-Level Circuit Simulation 39
Usage and Limitations of SPICE 41
Need for Accelerated SPICE (`Fast-SPICE') Simulation 42
Fast-SPICE Technologies 42
SPICE vs. Fast-SPICE Techniques 42
Acceleration Technologies: Different Viewpoints 45
Examples of Fast-SPICE Technologies 48
Optimized Simulation of Parasitic Networks 48
Advanced Partitioning Technologies 49
Memory Simulation Acceleration 50
Challenges of Fast-SPICE and Future Research 54
References 57
Recent Advances in Structure-Preserving Model Order Reduction 58
Introduction 58
Description of RCL Networks 60
RCL Network Equations 60
RCL Transfer Functions 63
Passivity 64
Reciprocity 64
A Brief Review of Krylov Subspace-Based Model Order Reduction 65
Moment Matching and Padé Approximation 65
Reduced-Order Models 67
Moment Matching Via Krylov Subspace Methods 68
Passive Models Via Projection 71
Projection Combined with Krylov Subspaces 71
PRIMA 72
SPRIM 73
Preserving Block Structures 73
The Algorithm 74
Some Properties 76
Pros and Cons of PRIMA and SPRIM 76
Thick-Restart Krylov Subspace Techniques 78
Complex Expansion Points 81
Concluding Remarks 83
References 84
Injection Locking Analysis and Simulation of Weakly Coupled Oscillator Networks 86
Introduction 86
Oscillators 88
PPV/PRC Phase Macromodel of Single Oscillator 89
Malkin's Theorem 90
Injection Locking 91
Adler's Equation 92
Generalized Adler's Equation 92
Injection Locking Range of Ring Oscillator 94
Injection Locking Range of Hodgkin-Huxley Neuron 96
Coupled Oscillator Network Simulation 98
Coupled Oscillator Network Transient Simulation 98
Finding Oscillator Phases in the Synchronized State of a CON Numerically 99
PPV based Simulation of Ring Oscillator and Neuronal Oscillator Network 102
Conclusions 107
References 107
Dynamic Stability of Static Memories: Concepts and Advanced Numerical Analysis Techniques 109
Introduction 109
Static Noise Margins 110
Dynamic Stability Boundaries of Bistable Systems 111
Dynamic Noise Margins 113
Dynamic Read Noise Margin (DRNM) 113
Dynamic Write Noise Margin (DWNM) 115
Dynamic Hold Noise Margin (DHNM) 116
Relations to Conventional Static Noise Margins 117
Analysis of Dynamic Noise Margins 117
Computationally Efficient Tracing of Separatrices 118
Illustrative Examples 120
Numerical Stability of Separatrix Tracing 123
Extension to Memory Cells Modeled as High-Dimensional Systems 125
Conclusions 126
References 127
Recycling Circuit Simulation Techniques for Mass-Action Biochemical Kinetics 128
Introduction 129
Illustrative Examples 129
Circuit Equations 130
MAK Equations 131
Leakage and Degradation 133
System Comparisons 134
Circuit Case 134
MAK Case 135
Conservation Constraints 136
The Non-negative Orthant 140
Examples 143
Exploiting the Kronecker Form 143
Oscillator Sensitivity Analysis 145
Conclusions 147
References 148
Circuit-Based Models of Biomolecular System Dynamics 150
Capturing the Dynamics of Living Circuits 150
BioXyce: An Electrical Circuit-Based Systems Biology Simulation Platform 152
Modeling Biological Pathways Using BioXyce 153
Simulating Metabolic Processes with Genetic Control 155
Tryptophan Biosynthesis 155
Simulating the Tryptophan Hybrid Network 157
Boolean Kinetics Framework for Simulating Large Scale Gene Networks 160
Modeling Gene Networks with Boolean Logic 161
Using a Boolean Kinetics Model of Gene Regulationin the Tryptophan Hybrid Network 162
Simulation of Whole-Cell Inferred Gene Network 163
Signal Transduction Cascades 165
References 168
Analog Verification 170
Analog Verification 170
Design Time Line 178
Incomplete Implementation of the Methodology 179
Analog Verification Engineers 180
Adoption 181
Examples 182
Audio Codec 182
Micro-Controller Based Power Management Unit 183
RF Transceiver 183
SerDes 183
Conclusion 183
References 184
Formal Methods for Verification of Analog Circuits 185
Introduction 185
The Need for Formal Methods 186
Overview over Formalized Analog Verification Methods 188
Analog Model Checking 188
Analog Equivalence Checking 190
Formalizing the Verification Flow 190
Unifying and Formalizing Analog Verification Methodologies 191
Discrete State Space Modeling 191
Verification of Analog System Properties Using the Analog Specification Language (ASL) 193
Applying ASL Verification Algorithms to Transient Simulation Waveforms 195
Counterexample Generation 196
Complete State Space-Covering Input Stimuli Generation 197
Equivalence Checking Methodology Using Complete State Space-Covering Input Stimuli 198
The Verification Flow Perspective 199
Experimental Results 201
Conclusions 203
References 203
Index 205