After Cognitivism (eBook)

1973-1979 studies in philosophy and psychology 1979 doctorate in philosophy (title of dissertation: Die hermeneutischen Grundlagen Wittgensteins) 1990 Habilitation (habilitation treatise: Künstliche Intelligence und Heidegger) 1990 bis 1994 (co)Director of International Summer Schools In Philosophy And Artificial Intelligence, Bozen/Italy 1993-1996 research assistent at IFF (Institute for interdisciplinary studies in technology at the universities of Innsbruck, Klagenfurt and Vienna). 1.October 1997 Associate Professor at the institute of psychology university Innsbruck 1.10.2008 Head of the department of the institute of psychology Homepage: www.leidlmair.at

Preface 5
Contents 13
Contributors 15
Part I The Pragmatic Dimension: A Reassessment of Scientific Theories 17
Towards a Technology- and Action-Oriented Methodology of Constructive Realism 18
Theory Shaping by Technology 18
Theory Shaping by Instrumentations as Actions 22
What Kind of Realism? 28
Conclusion 34
References 35
The Three Enlightenments 38
Part II Artificial Intelligence and the Embodiment of the Mind 51
How Representational Cognitivism Failed and is being replaced by Body/World Coupling 52
The Convergence of Computers and Philosophy 52
Symbolic AI as a Degenerating Research Program 53
Heideggerian AI, Stage One: Eliminating Representations by Building Behavior-Based Robots 56
Heideggerian AI, Stage 2: Programming the Ready-to-Hand 60
Pseudo Heideggerian AI: Embedded, Embodied, Extended Mind 64
What Motivates Embedded/Embodied Coping? 66
Modeling Situated Coping as a Dynamical System 67
Walter Freemans Merleau-Pontian Neurodynamics 71
Direct Perception of Significance and the Rejection of the Binding Problem 73
Learning and Merleau-Ponty's Intentional Arc 76
The Perception/Action Loop 78
Optimal Grip 79
Circular Causality 80
Freemans Model as a Basis for Heideggerian AI 80
How Heideggerian AI Would Dissolve Rather Than Avoid or Solve the Frame Problem 81
Conclusion 85
The New Orthodoxy: Humans, Animals, Heidegger and Dreyfus 87
Introduction: The New Orthodoxy and its Problems 87
Socialness 89
Embeddednes in Society 90
Language and Embodiment 91
Socialness, Language, and Artificial Intelligence 93
Conclusion 95
References 96
The Key to the Chinese Room 98
The Systems Approach 99
An Expanded System 102
The Internalist Objection to the Expanded System 103
Turning the Key 104
References 106
Part III Socialization in the Internet Between Dissolution and Extension of the Human Self 108
The Play of Imagination: Extending the Literary Mind 109
From MUDs to MMOGs 110
Understanding Games 113
Vivid Spaces of Imagination 115
Dispositional Stances 115
Ability, Agency, and Emergent Collective Action 116
A Theory of Transfer and Conceptual Blending 119
Learning About Each Other 120
Convergence, Divergence, and Triggering 121
Convergence 122
Divergence 123
Metaphor and Imagination 124
Games, Innovation, and Learning 125
Conclusion 127
References 128
Reading the World Upside Down: How to Deal with Frozen Knowledge 131
Frozen Knowledge 131
Dealing with Frozen Knowledge: Heideggerian Openness 135
Dreaming off the World 138
References 140
On the Significance of the Lower Senses: Touch, Smell and Taste 142
Introductory Remarks 142
Experiencing the World Through the Lower Senses: Touching, Smelling, Tasting 145
Emotionality, Touch and Contact 148
Concluding Remarks 151
References 152
Part IV New Research Strategies in Psychology and Psychotherapy 153
We Can Think with the Implicit, As Well As withFully-Formed Concepts 154
Comparing the Two Kinds of Patterns 158
Appendix: Thinking At the Edge (TAE) Steps 162
References 168
Embodied Knowledge in Design 169
Preliminary Remark 169
Knowledge Application and Artefacts of Work 172
Excursion: Sketches and Material Models 172
Knowledge-Based and Opportunistic Development of the Solution 180
Knowledge Retention 182
Conclusion 183
References 183
The Second Cognitive Revolution 186
Meaning Versus Representation 186
The Central Place of Discourse 188
The Main Principles of the Second Cognitive Revolution 192
References 192
Part V Ethical and Economic Aspects 193
The Illusion of Free Will and its Acceptance 194
Preliminaries on Free Will and Consciousness 194
Illusory Free Will 196
Illusions 198
Double Feel 200
Consequences of Double Feel 202
References 205
Three Concepts of Liberty 207
A Third Concept of Liberty: Development Freedom 209
Beyond Polarization 210
Wittgensteiniotskeanism 212
References 213
Premises and Promises of Theory Formation in Economics 215
Economic Model Building Why Do It At All? 215
The Use and Abuse of Science 217
From the Hidden Premises to the Economical Nonseum 219
What Can (Must) Scientists Do? 225
Some Visions, Not Too Far 226
Final Remarks 227
References 227
Index 228