Information Optics and Photonics (eBook)

Bahram Javidi is Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor at University of Connecticut which is the highest rank and honor bestowed on a faculty member based on research, teaching, and service. Dr. Javidi has been recognized by five best paper awards, and several major awards from international professional societies and foundations. He has been named Fellow of seven National and International professional scientific societies, including IEEE, AIMBE, OSA, SPIE, IoP, and IS&T. In 2008, he received the Fellow award of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. Prof. Javidi has over 630 publications. He has published 9 books, 44 book chapters, and over 250 technical articles in major peer reviewed journals. He has published over 330 conference proceedings, including over 110 Plenary Addresses, Keynote Addresses, and invited conference papers. His papers have been cited over 4500 times according to the ISI Web of Science citation index. Thierry Fournel is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of St. Etienne. He was the co-organizer of the 2009 Workshop on Information Optics.

Contents 8
Contributors 12
Part I Optical Devices and Systems 18
Chapter 1 General Solution of Two-Dimensional Beam-Shaping with Two Surfaces 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Optical Beam Shaping with Two Surfaces 20
1.3 SBF-Approximation of Functions 23
1.4 Transport Equation for Mapping Intensity 23
1.5 Examples 24
1.6 Conclusion 26
References 27
Chapter 2 Nanophotonics for Information Systems 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Nanophotonics Process 31
2.3 Dielectric Metamaterials 33
2.3.1 Inhomogeneous Dielectric Metamaterials with Space-Variant Polarizability 34
2.3.2 Graded Index Structures 35
2.4 Photonic Nano-wires: Sub-Wavelength Inhomogeneous Dielectrics 37
2.4.1 Photonic Crystal-Based Resonant Device 38
2.4.2 Aperiodic Chirped Photonic Nano-Wires 40
2.4.3 Cladding-Modulated Photonic Nano-wires 43
2.5 Nanophotonic Devices and Circuits: Wavelength Selective Add Drop Filter with Vertical Gratings on a Silicon Chip 46
2.6 Discussions and Future Perspectives 49
References 50
Chapter 3 Liquid Crystal Light-Valves for Slow-Light and Applications 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Liquid Crystal Light-Valves as Nonlinear Optical Media 54
3.3 Two-Wave Mixing and Optical Amplification in LCLV 56
3.3.1 General Theoretical Description of the TWM in LCLV 57
3.4 Slow and Fast Light in LCLV: Tuning the Group Velocity of Light Pulses 59
3.4.1 Theoretical Background 60
3.4.2 Experimental Results 61
3.5 Interferometry with the LCLV as a Slow-Light Medium 63
3.5.1 High Sensitivity LCLV-Based Interferometer 63
3.5.2 Picometer Detection by Adaptive Holography in the LCLV 64
3.6 Conclusions 67
References 67
Chapter 4 Diversity of Optical Signal Processing Led by Optical Signal Form Conversion 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Optical Signal Form Conversion and Photonic Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion 71
4.3 Diversity of Optical Signal Processing and 2-D Time--Space Conversion 72
4.4 Conclusion 74
References 75
Chapter 5 Dynamic Wavefront Sensing and Correctionwith Low-Cost Twisted Nematic Spatial Light Modulators 76
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Characterization of a Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display 77
5.2.1 Equivalent Retarder--Rotator Approach 78
5.3 Optimization of the Phase Response of a Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display 80
5.4 Use of a Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display for an Efficient Compensation of Aberrations 82
5.4.1 Aberration Encoding Scheme 82
5.4.2 Experimental Results 83
5.5 Measurement and Compensation of Optical Aberrations Using a Single Spatial Light Modulator 84
5.5.1 Basic Layout of the Adaptive Setup 84
5.5.2 Experimental Results 85
5.5.3 Discussion of Experimental Results: Limitations and Advantages of Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 87
References 87
Chapter 6 Nanoinjection Detectors and Imagers for Sensitive and Efficient Infrared Detection 90
6.1 Introduction 90
6.2 Nanoinjection Single Photon Imagers 91
6.3 Nanoinjection Single Photon Imagers 97
References 101
Chapter 7 Biological Applications of Stimulated Parametric Emission Microscopy and Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy 102
7.1 Introduction 102
7.2 Stimulated Parametric Emission Microscopy 103
7.3 SRS Microscopy 108
7.4 Conclusion 110
References 110
Part II 3D Passive/Active Imaging and Visualization 112
Chapter 8 Novel Approaches in 3D Sensing, Imaging, and Visualization 113
8.1 Introduction 113
8.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging with Axially Distributed Sensing 115
8.3 Profilometry and Optical Slicing 119
8.4 Occluded Target Tracking in 3D 122
8.5 Conclusions 125
References 125
Chapter 9 Overview of Free-viewpoint TV (FTV) 127
9.1 Introduction 127
9.2 FTV System 128
9.2.1 Configuration of FTV System 128
9.2.2 Video Capture 128
9.2.3 Correction 130
9.2.4 MVC Encoding and Decoding 130
9.2.5 View Generation 130
9.2.6 2D/3D Display 131
9.3 Ray-Space Technology 133
9.3.1 Ray Capture 133
9.3.2 Ray Display 134
9.4 International Standardization 135
9.5 Conclusion 137
References 138
Chapter 10 Presentation and Perception of Digital Hologram Reconstructions of Real-World Objects on Conventional Stereoscopic Displays 141
10.1 Introduction 141
10.2 Preparation of Holograms for Displaying on Conventional Displays 142
10.2.1 How to Encode Different Perspectives in Numerical Hologram Reconstructions 142
10.2.2 Conventional Stereoscopic Displays 144
10.2.3 Conclusions 145
10.3 Perceived Quality in Stereoscopic Viewing of Digital Holograms of Real-World Objects 146
10.3.1 Introduction 146
10.3.2 Methods 146
10.3.2.1 Subjects and Apparatus 146
10.3.2.2 Stimuli 147
10.3.2.3 Procedure 147
10.3.3 Results 147
10.3.4 Conclusions 149
10.4 Extending the Depth of Focus of Holographic Reconstructions by Binocular Fusion 150
10.4.1 Introduction 150
10.4.2 Methods 150
10.4.3 Results and Conclusions 152
10.5 General Conclusions 153
References 154
Chapter 11 Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography Based on the Fractional Talbot Effect 155
11.1 Introduction 155
11.2 Talbot Digital Holography Interferometry 157
11.3 Experimental Results 161
11.4 Conclusions 163
References 164
Chapter 12 Improvement of Viewing-Zone Angle and Image Quality of Digital Holograms 166
12.1 Introduction 166
12.2 Recording and Synthesis of Digital Holograms 167
12.3 Simulation 168
12.4 Experimental Results 169
12.5 Conclusion 171
References 172
Chapter 13 Shot Noise in Digital Holography 173
13.1 Introduction 173
13.2 Theoretical Noise 174
13.2.1 The Shot Noise on the CCD Pixel Signal 176
13.2.2 The Object Field Equivalent Noise for One Frame 176
13.2.3 The Object Field Equivalent Noise for M=4n Frames 178
13.3 Reaching the Shot Noise in Real Life Holographic Experiment 179
13.3.1 Experimental Validation with an USAF Target 181
13.4 Conclusion 184
References 184
Chapter 14 Deformation of Digital Holograms for Full Control of Focus and for Extending the Depth of Field 186
14.1 Introduction 186
14.2 Fresnel Holograms: Linear Deformation 187
14.3 Fourier Holograms: Quadratic Deformation 189
14.4 Conclusion 192
References 193
Chapter 15 Zoom Algorithms for Digital Holography 195
15.1 Introduction to Digital Holography 195
15.2 Digital Hologram Recording and Reconstructing 196
15.2.1 Digital Hologram Recording 196
15.2.2 Reconstruction of Digital Holograms 198
15.2.2.1 The Direct Method 198
15.2.2.2 The Spectral Method 199
15.3 Zooming Algorithm 203
15.3.1 Zooming Out 203
15.4 Adaptation of Algorithm to Permit Zooming In 205
15.5 Relationship of This Algorithm to Previous Work 206
15.5.1 The Rhodes Light Tube 206
15.5.2 The Double Direct Method 207
15.5.3 The Chirp Z Transform Method 208
15.5.4 The Correct Conditions of Use 209
15.5.5 Other Zoom Algorithms 209
15.6 Conclusion 210
References 211
Part III Polarimetric Imaging 213
Chapter 16 Partial Polarization of Optical Beams: Temporaland Spectral Descriptions 214
16.1 Introduction 214
16.2 Partial Coherence in Temporal and Spectral Domains 215
16.3 Partial Polarization of Electromagnetic Beams 216
16.3.1 Degree of Polarization in Time Domain 216
16.3.2 Mutual Coherence Matrix 217
16.3.3 Degree of Polarization in Frequency Domain 218
16.4 Examples 219
16.4.1 Quasi-monochromatic Beams 219
16.4.2 Beams with Arbitrary Uniform Coherence 219
16.4.3 Superposition of Uncorrelated Orthogonal Beams 221
16.4.4 Delayed Orthogonal Beams 221
16.5 Conclusions 222
References 223
Chapter 17 A Degree of Freedom and Metrics Approach for Nonsingular Mueller Matrices Characterizing Passive Systems 224
17.1 Introduction 224
17.2 Appropriate Norm and Dimension 226
17.2.1 Appropriate Norm 226
17.2.2 Appropriate dimension 226
17.3 Conclusion 230
References 231
Chapter 18 Resolution-Enhanced Imaging Based upon Spatial Depolarization of Light 232
18.1 Introduction 232
18.2 Theoretical Description 233
18.3 Experimental Validation 234
18.4 Conclusions 238
References 238
Part IV Algorithms for Imaging and Analysis 239
Chapter 19 Hybrid Imaging Systems for Depth of Focus Extension With or Without Postprocessing 240
19.1 Introduction 240
19.2 Uniformizing the Focal Line: The Holographically Generated Complex Mask 241
19.2.1 Binary-Phase Mask 241
19.2.2 Holographically Generated Complex Mask 243
19.3 DOF Extension with Hybrid Imaging System: Taking into Account the Deconvolution Step When Optimizing the Pupil Mask 245
19.3.1 Definition of an Image Quality Criterion 246
19.3.2 Example of Application to the Cubic Phase Mask 248
19.4 Conclusion 250
References 250
Chapter 20 Multispectral Image Pansharpening Based on the Contourlet Transform 252
20.1 Introduction 252
20.2 Contourlet Transform 254
20.3 Wavelet- and Contourlet-Based Pansharpening 255
20.3.1 Additive Wavelet/Contourlet 255
20.3.2 Substitutive Wavelet/Contourlet 256
20.3.3 IHS Wavelet/Contourlet 257
20.3.3.1 Additive IHS 257
20.3.3.2 Substitutive IHS 258
20.3.4 PCA Wavelet/Contourlet 258
20.3.5 WiSpeR/CiSpeR 259
20.4 Experimental Results 260
20.5 Conclusions 264
References 265
Chapter 21 Faces Robust Image Hashing by ICA: An Attempt to Optimality 267
21.1 Motivation 267
21.2 ICA in the Context of Robust Image Hashing 268
21.2.1 ICs Quantization and Binarization 271
21.2.2 Noise Reduction 272
21.3 Experimental Results 273
21.4 Conclusion 276
References 276
Chapter 22 Minkowski Metrics: Its Interaction and Complementarity with Euclidean Metrics 277
22.1 Introduction 277
22.2 The Space--Time Historical Minkowski Space 278
22.3 The Minkowski Space S2+ 279
22.4 The Minkowski Space 2 of Plane Circles 282
22.5 Conclusion 285
References 285