Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics. (eBook)

Preface 5
Organization 6
Table of Contents 11
Invited Papers 14
Human Habitat Data in 3D for the Internet 15
Introduction 15
A Historical Perspective 16
Defining the Concept of “Location-Awareness” on the Internet 18
Creating 3 Dimensional Models via Aerial Photogrammetry 19
Data 19
Data Processing 19
Geometric Accuracy 21
Limitless Detail 22
Economic Justifications 24
Research Challenges 25
Conclusions 27
References 28
Part I: Computer Graphics Theory and Applications 30
Fast Spatially Controllable Multi-dimensional Exemplar-Based Texture Synthesis and Morphing 31
Introduction 31
Related Work 32
Lefebvre and Hoppe's 2D Texture Synthesis 33
Our 2D Texture Morphing Algorithm 33
Initialization 34
Coordinate Jitter 34
Correction Phase 35
3D Texture Synthesis and Morphing 35
Initialization 36
Coordinate Upsampling 36
Correction Phase 36
A New Neighborhood 37
Synthesis and Morphing of Additional Channels 37
Higher-Dimensional Texture Synthesis 38
Results 39
Texture-Enhanced Direct Volume Rendering 41
Comparison with Kopf et al.'s Algorithm 42
Conclusions and Future Work 43
References 43
Extending Marching Cubes with Adaptative Methods to Obtain More Accurate Iso-surfaces 45
Introduction 45
Related Work 46
Methodology 48
Results 50
Conclusions and Future Work 52
References 53
High-Quality Non-planar Projections Using Real-Time Piecewise Perspective Projections 55
Introduction 55
Real-Time Non-pinhole Projections on GPU without Raytracing 56
Piecewise Perspective Projection Overview 57
Piecewise Perspective Projection 58
Real-Time Implementation 59
Single-Pass Implementation with a Configurable Tessellator Unit 60
Applications 61
Cylindrical Projection 61
Texture-Based View Deformation 63
Results 64
Conclusions 66
References 67
An Interactive Fluid Model of Jellyfish for Animation 69
Introduction 69
Previous Work 70
A Numerical Model of Jellyfish 71
Jellyfish Physiology 71
2D Simulation Model 73
Muscle Activation 74
2D Rendering Model 75
3D Extrapolation 76
Results 78
Conclusions and Future Work 80
References 81
Unbiased Closed-Form Solutions for Center of Rotation 83
Introduction 83
Skeleton Extraction Techniques 84
Spherical Curve-Fitting Approaches 85
Monte-Carlo Experiments 85
Cramér-Rao Lower Bound 86
Non-linear Maximum Likelihood Estimator 86
Linear Least Square Method 87
Generalized Delogne-Kása Exposition 88
Unbiased Generalized Delogne-Kása Estimator 89
Multiple Radii Solution 92
Incremental Improved Solution 92
Results 93
Case Study Ð CMU Data 93
Case Study of Eric Camper's ACCAD Data 94
Comparison 94
Summary of Important Results 95
Conclusions and Further Research 96
References 97
A Visualization Paradigm for 3D Map-Based Mobile Services 99
Introduction 99
Conceptual Framework 101
Evaluation of Feature Vectors 102
Image Realism 103
Object Labeling 104
Route Indication 104
Landmark Symbology 105
Discussion of the Results 106
Image Realism 106
Object Labeling 107
Visual-Spatial Abstraction 107
Route Indication 108
Landmark Symbology 108
Contextual Awareness 109
A Visualization Paradigm for 3D Map-Based Mobile Services 109
Visualization Layers 110
Visualization Functions 111
Conclusions and Future Work 112
References 113
New Augmented Reality Techniques for Product Design: The Flip-Flop Menu 114
Introduction 114
Related Work 115
"Jumping" Interaction Technique 116
Flip-Flop Interaction Technique 117
Description 118
Experiment 1: Effect of Marker Arrangement 119
Aim 119
Experimental Protocol 119
Task 120
Results 120
Experiment 2: Effect of Viewing Condition 121
Aim 121
Experimental Protocol 121
Results 122
Discussion 124
Conclusions and Future Work 124
References 124
Part II: Imaging Theory and Applications 126
Analytical Imaging of Traditional Japanese Paintings Using Multispectral Images 127
Introduction 127
Experiment 128
Image Acquisition 129
Spectral Reflectance Reconstruction, Image Calibration and Pigment Identification 130
Results and Discussion 132
Reconstruction of Spectral Reflectance 132
Image Stitching 135
Pigment Estimation 137
Conclusions 138
References 139
Stereo Analysis of Archaelogical Scenes Using Monogenic Signal Representation 141
Introduction 141
Phase Domain Methods 142
Feature Extraction Using Phase Congruency 142
Feature Matching on the Phase Domain 143
Dense Disparity Computation 145
Similarity Function 145
Optimization 146
Implementation - Results 147
Feature Detection - Matching 147
3D Reconstruction Results 149
Conclusions and Future Work 152
References 152
Imaging of the Vocal Tract Based on Magnetic Resonance Techniques 154
Introduction 154
MR Imaging of the Vocal Tract 156
Methods 156
Equipment, Corpus and Subjects 157
Techniques 157
Results and Discussion 160
Conclusions and Future Work 162
References 163
SRAD, Optical Flow and Primitive Prior Based Active Contours for Echocardiography 166
Introduction 166
System and Methods 168
Parametric Active Contour Review 168
SRAD Measurements 170
Optical Flow Estimates 171
Primitive Shape Measurements on Contour Points 173
Fusion Characteristics 174
Results and Discussion 175
Conclusions 178
References 178
Part III: Computer Vision Theory and Applications 180
Scene Segmentation from 3D Motion and Category-Specific Information 181
Introduction 181
Scene Segmentation Using MRFs 182
Low-Level Information 184
Category-Specific Information 185
Context Information 188
Experimental Results 189
Conclusions 192
References 192
Hierarchical S(3)-Coding of RGB Histograms 194
Introduction 194
Notations and Basic Facts 195
Implementation 198
S(3) Experiments 199
Hierarchical Transforms and Bin Quantization 203
Summary 205
References 206
Monocular SLAM Reconstructions and 3D City Models:Towards a Deep Consistency 207
Introduction 207
Transformations Model 209
Non-rigid Transformations Model 209
Transformations Parametrisation 209
Non-rigid ICP 210
Constrained Bundle Adjustment 212
Classical Bundle Adjustment 212
Proposed Constrained Bundle Adjustment 213
Experimental Results 216
Synthetic Sequence 216
Real Sequence 219
Conclusions 219
References 219
GPU-Based Euclidean Distance Transforms and Their Application to Volume Rendering 221
Introduction 221
Related Work 222
Problem Description 223
Algorithm 223
Vector Propagation 223
GPU-Based Implementation and Generalizations 225
Errors in 2D Vector Propagation 226
Generalization to 3D 226
Results and Discussion 227
Bandwidth and Runtime Complexity 227
Empirical Validation 227
Applications 230
Conclusions 233
References 233
Efficient Robust Active Appearance Model Fitting 235
Introduction 235
Fast-Robust PCA 237
Fast-Robust Training 238
Fast-Robust Reconstruction 238
Experimental Results 240
Robust AAM Fitting 242
Active Appearance Model 243
Robust Fitting 243
Experimental Results 244
Conclusions 245
References 246
Semi-supervised Distance Metric Learning inHigh-Dimensional Spaces by Using Equivalence Constraints 248
Introduction 248
Method 250
Problem Setting 250
Learning Full Rank Distance Metrics 251
Learning Low Rank Distance Metrics 252
Extensions to Nonlinear Cases 254
Experiments 254
Experiments on Gender Database 255
Experiments on Birds Database 256
Image Segmentation Applications 258
Summary and Conclusions 258
References 258
Orthogonal Distance Least Squares Fitting:A Novel Approach 261
Introduction 261
Review of Relevant Concepts 262
Proposed Algorithm 263
Orthogonal Distance from a Conic 263
Solving for the Orthogonal Point 265
Conic Fitting Algorithm 266
Experimental Results 268
Quadric Fitting 271
Discussion 273
References 273
Optical Inspection of Welding Seams 275
Introduction 275
Image Acquisition 276
Methods 277
Statistical Geometric Features 278
Specularity Features (SPEC) 279
Radial Encoding 281
Feature Analysis 282
Classification 282
Experiments and Results 282
Results of Feature Analysis 283
Results of Classification 285
Conclusions 287
References 287
A Multiscale Morphological Binarization Algorithm 289
Introduction 289
Related Work 290
Proposed Operator 291
Results 294
Binarization of Ill-Illuminated Images 295
Document Image Binarization 296
Other Possible Applications 300
Conclusions 300
References 300
On the Suitability of Different Features for Anomaly Detection in Wire Ropes 302
Introduction 302
Feature Extraction 304
Linear Prediction Based Features 305
Local Binary Pattern 306
Co-occurrence Features 306
Features Based on Pattern Irregularity 307
HOG Features 307
One-Class Classification 308
Decision Making 308
Experiments and Results 309
Comparison of Features 310
Robustness to Outliers 311
Generalization Ability 311
Discussion and Outlook 312
References 313
Importance Sampling as One Solution to the Data Association Problem in Multi-target Tracking 315
Introduction 315
Related Work 316
Rao-Blackwellized Resampling Particle Filter 317
Bayesian View of Tracking 318
Particle Filtering 318
Sampling New Configurations 319
Weighting 321
Resampling 321
Estimate of the State 322
Aspects of Multiple Associations 322
Parallel Association Sampling 322
Restricting the Associations 323
Implementation 324
Experimental Results 325
Simulation 326
Tracking of Soccer Players 327
Conclusions 330
References 330
Photo Repair and 3D Structure from Flatbed Scanners Using 4- and 2-Source Photometric Stereo 332
Introduction 332
Related Work 333
Normal Capture from Four Images 334
Photograph Repair Application 336
Defect Maps from Normals 337
Normal Component From Two Images 338
Infilling Algorithms 345
Additional Applications 346
Conclusions 347
References 347
Markerless Human Motion Capture Using Hierarchical Particle Swarm Optimisation 349
Introduction 349
Related Work 350
Particle Swarm Optimisation 351
PSO with Inertia 351
The Inertia Weight 352
Body Model and Cost Function 352
Body Model 352
Cost Function 353
HPSO Algorithm 353
Initialisation 354
Hierarchial Pose Estimation 354
Next-Frame Propagation 355
Experimental Results 355
Conclusions and Future Work 361
References 361
Textured Image Segmentation Using Active Contours 363
Introduction 363
Proposed Approach 364
Filters and Feature Selection 364
Local Spectral Histogram 367
Deducing Optimal Bin Size 368
Active Contour Based on Wasserstein Distance 369
Results 371
Conclusions 374
References 374
Author Index 376