Grid and Cloud Computing (eBook)

Foreword 5
Foreword 7
Contents 9
Part I: Introduction 11
1 Introduction: Business and Technological Drivers of Grid Computing 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Business Drivers for Grid Computing in Companies 14
1.3 Technological Drivers for Grid Computing in Companies 16
1.4 Towards Grid and Cloud Computing in Companies 17
1.5 The Goal and Structure of This Book 18
1.6 Acknowledgments 19
2 The BEinGRID Project 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 The BEinGRID Matrix 21
2.2.1 Vertical Market Sectors 22
2.2.2 Business Models 23
2.2.3 Research and Technological Innovation Themes 23
2.3 Knowledge Repository for SOI, GRID and Cloud Computing 25
Part II: Grid and Cloud Basics – Definition, Classification, Business Models 26
Introduction 27
3 Grid Basics 28
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 What is Grid Computing? 28
3.3 Grid Architectures and Functionality 31
3.4 Potential Advantages and Risks of Grid Computing 33
3.5 Classification of Grids 36
3.5.1 Classification of Grids According to the Resource Focus 36
3.5.2 Classification of Grids According to Scope of Resource Sharing 36
3.5.2.1 Cluster Grids 36
3.5.2.2 Enterprise Grid 38
3.5.2.3 Utility Grid 40
3.5.2.4 Partner/Community Grids 41
3.6 New Trends in Grid Computing 45
3.6.1 Convergence of Grid and Service-oriented Computing 45
3.6.2 Convergence of Grid Computing and Software-as-a-Service 48
3.6.3 The Evolution Towards Cloud Computing 49
4 Cloud Basics – An Introduction to Cloud Computing 51
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Cloud Definitions 51
4.3 Architecture and Components of Clouds 55
4.3.1 Overview of Existing Concepts for Cloud Structures and Components 55
4.3.2 The Three Layers of Cloud Computing 55
4.3.2.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 56
4.3.2.2 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 58
4.3.2.3 Software as a Service (SaaS) 58
4.4 Opportunities and Challenges of Cloud Computing 59
4.5 Classification of Clouds 60
4.5.1 Public Clouds vs. Private Clouds 60
4.5.2 Hybrid Clouds and Federations of Clouds 62
4.6 Grid and Cloud Computing Compared 63
5 Grid Business Models 66
5.1 Introduction 66
5.2 Setting the Scene 67
5.3 Establishing a Business Model Based on the “Grid Benefit” 68
5.4 Popular Business Cases in the Market Today and Associated Benefits 71
5.5 Offerings and Business Models for the Involved Actors in theBusiness Cases 73
5.6 Analysis of Examples of Business Cases 76
5.6.1 The eBay (Business Case 1) 76
5.6.2 CERN (Business Case 4) 78
5.6.3 The Amazon and Sun (Business Cases 5 and 2) 79
5.7 Conclusion 84
6 Grid Value Chains – What is a Grid Solution? 86
6.1 Introduction 86
6.2 What a Grid Solution Consists of 87
6.2.1 The Grid Market Players 87
6.2.2 The Flows 91
6.3 Grid Value Networks 92
6.3.1 Grid-enabled Application (Internal Deployment) 92
6.3.2 Utility Computing (External Deployment) 94
6.3.3 Software as a Service (External Deployment) 96
6.4 Conclusions 99
7 Legal Issues in Grid and Cloud Computing 100
7.1 Introduction: the Lawyer’s Perspective about Grid and Cloud Computing 100
7.2 The Contractual Relationship between Grid/Cloud Provider and Customer: the Contract 101
7.3 The Contractual Relationship between Grid/Cloud Provider and Customer: the Relationship 107
7.3.1 The Law Applicable to the Contract 107
7.3.2 Liabilities of the Grid/Cloud Provider 112
7.3.3 Security Issues: Further (potential) Liability of the Grid/Cloud Provider 114
7.3.4 Privacy 116
7.4 Taxation: Grid/Cloud Computing and the Concept of Permanent Establishment 119
7.5 Conclusions 120
Part III: Grid Business Experiments 122
Introduction 123
8 Common Capabilities for Service Oriented Infrastructures – Grid and Cloud Computing 125
8.1 Introduction 125
8.2 Life-cycle management of virtual organizations 126
8.3 Trust & Security Capabilities
8.3.1 Federated Identity Management 130
8.3.1.1 Identity Brokerage and Identity Federation Context Management 130
8.3.1.2 Managing Trust Relationships Among Federated Identity Brokers 132
8.3.2 Distributed Access Management 133
8.4 Common Capabilities for Managing Software Licences 135
8.5 Common Capabilities for managing Service Level Agreements 137
8.6 Common Capabilities for Data Management 140
8.7 Common Capabilities for Data and Service Portals 142
8.8 An example that brings it all together 143
8.9 Conclusions 147
9 Remote Computational Tools for Radiotherapy Cancer Treatment Planning 148
9.1 Introduction – The Need for and Potential of Grid Computing for Radiotherapy Cancer Treatment Planning 148
9.2 Description of the Technological Solution 151
9.3 Added Value for the User 154
9.4 Summary and Lessons Learnt 157
9.5 Outlook 158
10 Business Experiment Ship Building 160
10.1 Introduction 160
10.1.1 The Need of Grid Computing in the Ship Building Industry 160
10.1.2 The Business and Technical Goals of the Business Experiment 162
10.1.3 The Expected Benefits of Grid-enabled Collaborative Simulation 163
10.1.4 Partners involved in the Business Experiment 164
10.2 The Architecture of the Grid-enabled SESIS 166
10.3 Case Study – Collaborative Design with Grid-enabled Simulation 168
10.4 Added Value for the User 169
10.5 Summary and Lessons Learnt 170
10.5.1 Operational Requirements 171
10.5.2 Performance Requirements 172
10.6 Conclusion 172
11 AgroGrid – Grid Technologies in Agro Food Business 174
11.1 General Description of the Business Experiment 174
11.1.1 Background of the Business Experiment 174
11.1.2 Problems of Current Solutions 176
11.1.3 The Business Experiment – Partners and Work Performed 177
11.2 Description of the Technological Solution 178
11.2.1 Composition of Dynamic Supply Chains 179
11.2.2 AgroGrid Platform 180
11.3 Added Value for the User 183
11.3.1 Application of Grid Concepts or: Why Grid? 183
11.3.2 Changes on the User-Side 184
11.3.3 Discussion of the Added Value 185
11.4 Summary and Lessons Learnt 186
11.4.1 Technical Experiences 186
11.4.2 Evaluation of the Business Scenario 187
11.4.3 Summary 188
11.5 Outlook 189
11.5.1 Outlook on the Next Steps 189
11.5.2 Upcoming Trends 190
12 Virtual Hosting Environments for Online Gaming 192
12.1 General Description 192
12.1.1 Background 192
12.1.2 Limitations of the Current Solution 193
12.1.3 Requirements for a New Service-Oriented Architecture 194
12.1.4 The Business Experiment – Partners and Work Performed 196
12.1.5 Scenario Description 196
12.2 Overview of the Virtual Hosting Environment 198
12.2.1 The Virtual Hosting Environment: Architecture & Implementation
12.2.1.1 Key Concepts 198
12.2.1.2 Four Steps towards Managed Dynamic Collaborations 200
12.2.1.3 The Security Value-Adding Services 202
12.2.1.4 The SLA Value-Adding Services 205
12.2.2 Online Gaming Scenario at Runtime 206
12.3 Business Benefits 208
12.3.1 Customer Benefits in Online Gaming 208
12.3.2 The VHE as an Enabler of the SOA Approach 208
12.3.3 Business Benefits in Other Market Sectors 210
12.4 Lessons Learnt 211
12.4.1 Organisations’ Main Motivation to Migrate to SOA 211
12.4.2 Risks Associated to SOA 212
12.5 Conclusion 212
13 Organizational and Governance Challenges for Grid Computing in Companies – Summary of Findings from Business Experiments 214
13.1 Introduction 214
13.2 Organizational Challenges Related to Application of Utility and High Performance Computing 215
13.3 Organizational Challenges Related to Application of GridComputing for Virtual Organization Support 219
13.4 Summary and Conclusion 220
13.4.1 Summary of Findings 220
13.4.2 Evolution from Grid to Cloud Computing 221
Part IV: Practical Guidelines 224
14 Practical Guidelines for Evolving IT Infrastructure towards Grids and Clouds 225
14.1 Introduction 225
14.2 State-of-the-art of Grid and Cloud Computing Adoption in Practice 226
14.2.1 Status and Adoption of Grid Computing in Practice 226
14.2.2 Status of and Obstacles for Cloud Computing Adoption in Practice 231
14.3 Practical Guidelines for Introducing Grid and Cloud Computingin Companies 233
14.3.1 Technical Implementation Activities 236
14.3.1.1 Initial Analysis of Demand and Readiness for Grid and CloudComputing 236
14.3.1.2 Strategic Decision to Introduce Grid and Cloud Computing 238
14.3.1.3 Pilot Implementation 238
14.3.1.4 Internal Interconnection 239
14.3.1.5 Inclusion of External Resources 239
14.3.1.6 Continuous monitoring and Evaluation 240
14.3.2 Supporting Implementation Activities 241
14.3.2.1 Adjustment of IT Governance 241
14.3.2.2 Change Management 242
14.4 Summary and Conclusion 243
References 244
List of Abbreviations 256
List of Authors 264