Statistics for Psychology

In this Section:



Brief Table of Contents
Full Table of Contents

1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Displaying the order in a group of numbers
Chapter 2 Central tendency and variability
Chapter 3 Some key ingredients for inferential statistics: Z scores, the normal curve, sample versus population, and probability
Chapter 4 Introduction to hypothesis testing
Chapter 5 Hypothesis testing with means of samples
Chapter 6 Making sense of statistical significance: Effect size and statistical power
Chapter 7 Introduction to the t test: Single sample and dependent means
Chapter 8 The t test for independent means
Chapter 9 Introduction to the analysis of variance
Chapter 10 Factorial analysis of variance
Chapter 11 Correlation
Chapter 12 Prediction
Chapter 13 Chi-square tests
Chapter 14 Strategies when population distributions are not normal: Data transformations and rank-order tests
Chapter 15 Integration and the general linear model and Making sense of advanced statistical procedures in research articles





2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Displaying the order in a group of numbers

The Two Branches of Statistical Methods
Some Basic Concepts
Frequency Tables
Histograms
Shapes of Frequency Distributions
Controversy: Misleading Graphs
Frequency Tables and Histograms in Research Articles
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 2: Central tendency and variability

Central Tendency
Variability
Controversy: The Tyranny of the Mean
Central Tendency and Variability in Research Articles
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 3: Some key ingredients for inferential statistics: Z scores, the normal curve, sample versus population, and probability

Z Scores
The Normal Curve
Sample and Population
Probability
Controversies: Is the Normal Curve Really So Normal? And Using Nonrandom Samples
Z Scores, Normal Curves, Samples and Populations, and Probabilities in Research Articles
Advanced Topics: Probability Rules and Conditional Probabilities
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 4: Introduction to hypothesis testing

A Hypothesis-Testing Example
The Core Logic of Hypothesis Testing
The Hypothesis-Testing Process
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Hypothesis Tests
Controversy: Should Significance Tests Be Banned?
Hypothesis Tests in Research Articles
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 5: Hypothesis testing with means of samples

The Distribution of Means
Hypothesis Testing with a Distribution of Means: The Z Test
Controversy: Marginal Significance
Hypothesis Tests About Means of Samples (Z Tests) and Standards Errors in Research Articles
Advanced Topic: Estimation, Standard Errors, and Confidence Intervals
Advanced Topic Controversy: Confidence Intervals versus Significance Tests
Advance Topic: Confidence Intervals in Research Articles
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 6: Making sense of statistical significance: Effect size and statistical power

Decision Errors
Effect Size
Statistical Power
What Determines the Power of Study
The Role of Power Interpreting the Results of a Study
Controversy: Statistical Significance versus Effect Size
Decision Errors, Effect Size, and Power in Research Articles
Advanced Topics; Figuring Statistical Power
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 7: Introduction to the t test: Single sample and dependent means

The t Test for a Single Sample
The t Test for Dependent Means
Assumptions of the t Test for a Single Sample and the t Test for Dependent Means
Controversy: Advantages and Disadvantages of Repeated-Measures Designs
Single Sample t Tests and Dependent Means t Tests in Research Articles
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 8: The t test for independent means

The Distribution of Differences Between Means
Hypothesis Testing with a t Test for Independent Means
Assumptions of the t Test for Independent Means
Effect Size and Power for the t Test for Independent Means
Review and Comparison of the Three Kinds of t Tests
The t Test for Independent Means in Research Articles
Advanced Topic: Power for the t Test for Independent Means When Sample Sizes Are Not Equal
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 9: Introduction to the analysis of variance

Basic Logic of the Analysis of Variance
Carrying Out an Analysis of Variance
Hypothesis Testing with the Analysis of Variance
Assumptions in the Analysis of Variance
Planned Contrasts
Post Hoc Comparisons
Effect Size and Power for the Analysis of Variance
Controversy: Omnibus Tests versus Planned Contrasts
Analyses of Variance in Research Articles
Advanced Topic: The Structural Model in the Analysis of Variance
Principles of the Structural Model
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 10: Factorial analysis of variance

Basic Logic of Factorial Designs and Interaction Effects
Recognizing and Interpreting Interaction Effect
Basic Logic of the Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Assumptions in the Factorial Analysis of Variance
Extensions and Special Cases of the Analysis of Variance
Controversy: Dichotomizing Numeric Variables
Factorial Analysis of Variance in Research Articles
Advanced Topic: Figuring a Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Advanced Topic: Power and Effect Size in the Factorial Analysis of Variance
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 11: Correlation

Graphing Correlations: The Scatter Diagram
Patterns in Correlation
The Correlation Coefficient
Significance of a Correlation Coefficient
Correlation and Causality
Issues in Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient
Effect Size and Power for the Correlation Coefficient
Controversy: What is a Large Correlation?
Correlation in Research Articles
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 12: Prediction

Predictor (X) and Criterion (Y) Variables
The Linear Prediction Rule
The Regression Line
Finding the Best Linear Prediction Rule
The Least Squared Error Principle
Issues in Prediction
Multiple Regression
Limitations of Prediction
Controversy: Unstandardized and Standardized Regression Coefficients; Comparing Predictors
Prediction in Research Articles
Advanced Topic: Error and Proportionate Reduction in Error
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 13: Chi-square tests

The Chi-Square Statistic and the Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit
The Chi-Square Test for Independence
Assumptions for Chi-Square Tests
Effect Size and Power for Chi-Tests for Independence
Controversy: The Minimum Expected Frequency
Chi-Square Tests in Research Articles
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 14: Strategies when population distributions are not normal: Data transformations and rank-order tests

Assumptions in the Standard Hypothesis-Testing Procedures
Data Transformations
Rank-Order Tests
Comparison of Methods
Controversy: Computer-Intensive Methods
Data Transformations and Rank-Order Tests in Research Articles
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note


Chapter 15: Integration and the general linear model and Making sense of advanced statistical procedures in research articles

The General Linear
Partial Correlation
Reliability
Multilevel Modeling
Factor Analysis
Casual Modeling
Procedures That Compare Groups
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA)
Overview of Statistical Techniques
Controversy: Should Statistics Be Controversial?
How to Read Results Using Unfamiliar Statistical Techniques
Summary
Key Terms
Example Worked-Out Problems
Practice Problems
Using SPSS
Chapter Note