Cognitive Sciences (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Cognitive Sciences: Basic Problems, New Perspectives, and Implications for Artificial Intelligence 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Dedication 6
PREFACE 12
INTRODUCTION 14
CHAPTER 1. A NEW THEORY OF TIME 25
1.1 INTRODUCTION 25
1.2 THE OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE TIME SCALES 28
1.3 PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF FORMATION 
37 
1.4 MECHANISMS OF COMPARISON OF TIME INTERVALS 50
1.5 SOME PROBLEMS OF EXISTENCE OF EVENTS: 
56 
1.6 TIME AND FREQUENCY OF EVENTS 59
1.7 FUZZIFICATION OF TIME AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 61
1.8 COMMENTS 62
1.9 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 63
APPENDIX 68
CHAPTER 2. EVENTS AND OBSERVABILITY 73
2.1 INTRODUCTION 73
2.2 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL FUZZINESS OF OBJECTS 75
2.3 PREDICATES 83
2.4 PREDICATES AND EVENTS 87
2.5 THEORY OF EVENTS 89
2.6 EVENTS IN PROBABILITY THEORY AND CAUSAL RELATIONS 92
2.7 FUZZY MARKOV CHAINS 93
2.8 OBSERVABILITY CONSTRAINTS 95
2.9 FILTERS AND MASKS 106
APPENDIX 112
CHAPTER 3. MULTIMEDIAL UNITS AND LANGUAGES: VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 115
3.1 INTRODUCTION 115
3.2 THE BASIC CONCEPTUAL SCHEME 117
3.3 SEMANTICS 122
3.4 PRAGMATIC SEMANTICS 127
3.5 DEFINITION OF A UNIT IN THE GENERAL CASE 130
3.6 LANGUAGES OF PARTICULAR MEDIA 133
3.7 FUZZY UNIT AND PERCEPTION 135
3.8 A FORMAL APPROACH TO DIALOGUES 151
CHAPTER 4. JUDGMENT FORMATION AND PROBLEMS OF DESCRIPTION 157
4.1 INTRODUCTION 157
4.2 MODELS OF ANSWERING QUESTIONS 162
4.3 VERBAL COPIES AND CLASSIFICATION THEORY 178
4.4 COMPLEX DESCRIPTIONS: A THEORY OF TEXTS 204
4.5 GENERATION OF A TEXT 216
4.6 TEXTS AND A THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE 221
4.7 AN ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO DISCOURSES AND THEIR GOALS 228
APPENDIX 236
CHAPTER 5. MEMORY AND PERCEPTION: 
239 
5.1 INTRODUCTION 239
5.2 MEMORY WITH EVENT-TIME HORIZON 245
5.3 A MODEL OF MEMORY OF SENTENCES: APPLICATION 
271 
5.4 MODELS OF PERCEPTION PROCESSES 291
5.5 HEURISTIC MODEL OF MEMORY 327
5.6 EYE CONTROL ALLOCATION FOR HAND MOVEMENTS IN MULTITASK SITUATIONS WITH SOME POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS TO THE FOUNDATIONS OF ROBOTICS 332
APPENDIX 336
CHAPTER 6. STOCHASTIC MODELS OF EXPERTISE FORMATION, OPINION CHANGE, 
337 
6.1 INTRODUCTION 337
6.2 A MODEL OF EXPERTISE FORMATION 338
6.3 TIME ALLOCATION TO TOPICS IN A COURSE OF STUDY 350
6.4 INFORMATIONAL SYNERGY 360
6.5 COMMENTS 364
APPENDIX 368
A.1 RELATIONS 368
A.2 FUZZY SETS 373
A.3 PROBABILITY 377
REFERENCES 382
INDEX 388