Exchange Systems in Prehistory (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Exchange Systems in Prehistory 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Dedication 6
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 12
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 14
Part I: Introduction 16
Chapter 1. EXCHANGE SYSTEMS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 18
I. INTRODUCTION 18
II. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RAW MATERIALS 19
III. DESCRIPTIVE MODELS OF EXCHANGE 20
IV. ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ETHNOHISTORICAL RESEARCH 24
V. SYSTEMIC MODELS OF EXCHANGE 25
VI. CONCLUSIONS 26
Acknowledgments 26
References 27
Part II: Chemical Characterization of Raw Material 28
Chapter 2. TURQUOISE SOURCES AND SOURCE ANALYSIS: MESOAMERICA AND THE SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A. 30
I. INTRODUCTION 30
II. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND SOURCES 31
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 39
IV. RESULTS 44
Acknowledgments 47
References 47
Chapter 3. MAYA JADE: SOURCE LOCATION AND ANALYSIS 50
I. INTRODUCTION 50
II. PRESENT RESEARCH 60
III. CHARACTERIZATION PROCEDURES 68
IV. CONCLUSIONS 76
References 80
Part III: Descriptive Models of Exchange 84
Chapter 4. ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR EXCHANGE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION 86
I. INTRODUCTION 86
II. THE LAW OF MONOTONIC DECREMENT 87
III. SHAPE OF FALL-OFF 88
IV. STEEPNESS OF FALL-OFF 91
V. THE DOWN-THE-LINE MODEL: LINEAR ATTENUATION AND EXPONENTIAL FALL-OFF 92
VI. RANDOM WALK OR FLIGHT. GAUSSIAN FALL-OFF 94
VII. ATTENUATION IN TWO DIMENSIONS 95
VIII. EQUIFINALITY AND THE CHOICE OF MODELS 97
IX. COMPARISONS OF FALL-OFF DATA 98
X. CONCENTRATION EFFECTS AND DIRECTIONAL TRADE 100
XI. COMPETING SOURCES 102
XII. MODES OF EXCHANGE 103
Acknowledgments 104
References 104
Chapter 5. MASS–DISTANCE MEASURES FOR THE MAYA OBSIDIAN TRADE 106
I. INTRODUCTION 106
II. RESEARCH PHASE I: CENTRAL PLACE OF CEREMONIAL CENTERS 107
III. RESEARCH PHASE II: DIACHRONIC STABILITY OF EXCHANGE SYSTEMS 114
IV. CONCLUSIONS 119
Acknowledgments 120
References 120
Chapter 6. EGALITARIAN EXCHANGE SYSTEMS IN CALIFORNIA: A PRELIMINARY VIEW 124
I. INTRODUCTION 124
II. THE CONTEXT OF STUDYING EXCHANGE IN CALIFORNIA 126
III. A DESCRIPTION OF EXCHANGE SYSTEMS 127
IV. A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN SYSTEMIC VARIABLES 130
V. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC VARIABLES 133
VI. CONCLUSIONS 138
Acknowledgments 139
References 140
Chapter 7. MODELING ECONOMIC EXCHANGE 142
I. INTRODUCTION 142
II. ELEMENTS OF MODELS 143
III. CHARACTERISTICS OF EXCHANGE NETWORKS 143
IV. ORGANIZATION, UNDERSTANDING, AND EXPLANATION 144
V. EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS 146
VI. AN ILLUSTRATION 148
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 152
Acknowledgments 154
References 154
Chapter 8. A NETWORK MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC TRADE 156
I. THE PROBLEM 156
II. THE NETWORK MODEL 157
III. SPECIFIC ANALYTIC APPROACHES 158
IV. EXCHANGE SYSTEMS AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS 161
V. A SOUTHWESTERN EXAMPLE 163
References 165
Chapter 9. IDENTIFICATION OF PREHISTORIC INTRASETTLEMENT EXCHANGE 168
I. INTRODUCTION 168
II. IDENTIFICATION OF INTRASETTLEMENT SOCIAL GROUPS 169
III. INTRASETTLEMENT EXCHANGE 177
IV. CONCLUSIONS 182
Acknowledgments 183
References 183
Chapter 10. QUARRY ANALYSIS AT BODIE HILLS, MONO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA: A CASE STUDY 186
I. INTRODUCTION 186
II. THE BODIE HILLS SITE 187
III. SAMPLING PROCEDURES AND AREAS 190
IV. ANALYTICAL RESULTS 192
V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 201
Acknowledgments 202
References 202
Part IV: The Use of Ethnography and Ethnohistory 204
Chapter 11. ABORIGINAL ECONOMIES IN STATELESS SOCIETIES 206
I. INTRODUCTION 206
II. CEREMONIAL EXCHANGES: POTLATCH, KULA, MOKA, ABUTU 219
III. ECONOMIC DETERMINATION 223
Acknowledgments 224
References 224
Chapter 12. A REAPPRAISAL OF REDISTRIBUTION: COMPLEX HAWAIIAN CHIEFDOMS 228
I. INTRODUCTION 228
II. REDISTRIBUTION: AN ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL FORMS 229
III. SERVICE'S HYPOTHESIS 231
IV. THE EVIDENCE FROM HAWAII: A COMPLEX CHIEFDOM 232
V. SUMMARY 242
References 243
Part V: Systemic Models of Exchange 246
Chapter 13. THE SIMULATION OF A LINEAR EXCHANGE SYSTEM UNDER EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS 248
APPENDIX A. SIMULATION OF FOUR COMMODITIES PASSED THROUGH A LINEAR SYSTEM 255
Achnowledgments 267
References 268
Chapter 14. THE ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF CULTURE: THE STATE AS PREDATOR IN SUCCESSION THEORY 270
I. INTRODUCTION 270
II. STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLANATORY MODELS OF COMPLEX SOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMS 272
III. CONCLUSION 281
Acknowledgments 282
References 282
INDEX 284