Text Entry Systems (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface: Variety and Universality 10
Part 1 Foundations 12
Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Consumer Text Entry Technologies 14
1.1 INTRODUCTION 14
1.2 TYPEWRITER, 1870s TO 1980s 15
1.3 PERSONAL COMPUTER, 1980S TO PRESENT 21
1.4 MOBILE PHONES, 1990S TO PRESENT 25
1.5 HANDHELD COMPUTERS 28
1.6 CONCLUSIONS 33
1.7 FURTHER READING 34
REFERENCES 34
Chapter 2 Language Models for Text Entry 38
2.1 INTRODUCTION 38
2.2 BASIC MODEL OF TEXT ENTRY 39
2.3 N-GRAM MODELS 43
2.4 HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL 46
2.5 ADAPTIVE MODELS 49
2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 54
REFERENCES 55
Chapter 3 Measures of Text Entry Performance 58
3.1 INTRODUCTION 58
3.2 AGGREGATE MEASURES 59
3.3 CHARACTER-LEVEL MEASURES 71
3.4 MEASUREMENTS FROM LOG FILES 76
3.5 METHOD-SPECIFIC MEASURES 77
3.6 DISCUSSION OF MEASURES 81
3.7 FURTHER READING 82
REFERENCES 82
Chapter 4 Evaluation of Text Entry Techniques 86
4.1 INTRODUCTION 86
4.2 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TEXT ENTRY TECHNIQUES 89
4.3 EXPERIMENT DESIGN 94
4.4 LEARNING 104
4.5 SUMMARY AND FURTHER READING 108
REFERENCES 109
Part 2 Entry Modalities and Devices 114
Chapter 5 Text Entry Using a Small Number of Buttons 116
5.1 INTRODUCTION 116
5.2 MOBILE PHONE KEYPAD AND ENTRY METHODS 118
5.3 CHARACTERISTIC MEASURES FOR AMBIGUOUS KEYBOARDS 120
5.4 MOBILE PHONE KEYPAD VARIANTS 122
5.5 EVALUATING KEYBOARDS 126
5.6 ENTRY BY COMPLETION 128
5.7 SUMMARY AND FURTHER READING 130
REFERENCES 130
Chapter 6 English Language Handwriting Recognition Interfaces 134
6.1 INTRODUCTION 134
6.2 OFFLINE HANDWRITING RECOGNITION 136
6.3 ONLINE HANDWRITING RECOGNITION 137
6.4 SHORTHAND 142
6.5 COMMERCIAL ONLINE SYSTEMS 145
6.6 CASE STUDY 145
6.7 FURTHER READING 146
REFERENCES 146
Chapter 7 Introduction to Shape Writing 150
7.1 INTRODUCTION 150
7.2 THE BASIC CONCEPT OF SHAPE WRITING 150
7.3 INFORMATION AND CONSTRAINTS 151
7.4 SHAPE-WRITING RECOGNITION 153
7.5 OUT-OF-LEXICON INPUT, AMBIGUITY, AND ERROR HANDLING 154
7.6 HUMAN SENSITIVITY TO SHAPE AS AN ENCODING MODALITY AND THE PROGRESSION FROM TRACING TO DIRECT SHAPE WRITING 157
7.7 EFFICIENCY AND LAYOUT MATTERS 159
7.8 THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS AND GUIDELINES OF EFFICIENT TEXT ENTRY 162
7.9 FURTHER READING 166
REFERENCES 166
Chapter 8 Speech-Based Interfaces 170
8.1 INTRODUCTION 170
8.2 CATEGORIES OF SPEECH RECOGNITION TASKS 170
8.3 PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH RECOGNITION 172
8.4 DICTATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR DIFFICULTIES 175
8.5 SPOKEN DIALOGUE SYSTEMS AND THEIR DIFFICULTIES 176
8.6 EVALUATION OF SPEECH-BASED INPUT SYSTEMS 177
8.7 CONCLUSION 182
REFERENCES 183
Chapter 9 Text Entry by Gaze: Utilizing Eye Tracking 186
9.1 INTRODUCTION 186
9.2 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO TEXT ENTRY BY GAZE 187
9.3 CASE STUDIES AND GUIDELINES 192
9.4 FURTHER READING 195
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 196
REFERENCES 196
Part 3 Language Variations 200
Chapter 10 Writing System Variation and Text Entry 202
10.1 INTRODUCTION 202
10.2 VARIATION IN WRITING SYSTEMS 203
10.3 TEXT ENTRY PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENT WRITING SYSTEMS 205
10.4 ALPHABETIC SCRIPTS 207
10.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 212
10.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 212
REFERENCES 212
Chapter 11 Text Entry in East Asian Languages 214
11.1 INTRODUCTION 214
11.2 LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION 215
11.3 NONPREDICTIVE METHODS 220
11.4 PREDICTIVE ENTRY BASED ON PHONETICS 223
11.5 PREDICTIVE ENTRY BASED ON SHAPES 228
11.6 ENTRY ON OTHER DEVICES 230
11.7 IDEOGRAM ENTRY SYSTEM FOR NONNATIVES 233
11.8 CONCLUSION 234
REFERENCES 235
Chapter 12 Text Entry in South and Southeast Asian Scripts 238
12.1 INTRODUCTION 238
12.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ABUGIDA 239
12.3 TEXT ENTRY ISSUES 242
12.4 TEXT ENTRY SYSTEMS IN INDIA 246
12.5 TEXT ENTRY SYSTEMS IN THAILAND 251
12.6 CONCLUSION 257
12.7 FURTHER READING 258
REFERENCES 258
Chapter 13 Text Entry in Hebrew and Arabic Scripts 262
13.1 INTRODUCTION 262
13.2 ARABIC AND HEBREW SCRIPTS 263
13.3 STANDARD ENTRY 267
13.4 ENTRY ON MOBILE DEVICES 273
13.5 TOWARD COMPUTER-AIDED ENTRY 276
13.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 277
13.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 278
REFERENCES 278
Part 4 Accessibility, Universality 280
Chapter 14 Text Input for the Elderly and the Young 282
14.1 INTRODUCTION 282
14.2 OVERVIEW OF AGE EFFECTS 283
14.3 TEXT INPUT FOR THE ELDERLY 287
14.4 TEXT INPUT FOR CHILDREN 290
14.5 CASE STUDY—EVALUATING TEXT INPUT WITH CHILDREN 295
14.6 FURTHER READING 297
REFERENCES 297
Chapter 15 Text Entry When Movement is Impaired 300
15.1 INTRODUCTION 300
15.2 USING KEYBOARDS 301
15.3 ASSISTIVE INPUT TECHNIQUES 301
15.4 ALTERNATIVES TO STANDARD KEYBOARDS 303
15.5 AAC TEXT INPUT 307
15.6 CASE STUDY: DISAMBIGUATION 309
15.7 FURTHER READING 310
REFERENCES 311
Chapter 16 Text Entry for People with Visual Impairments 316
16.1 INTRODUCTION 316
16.2 TEXT ENTRY FOR LATIN ALPHABETS 317
16.3 TEXT ENTRY FOR IDEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERS 319
16.4 SELECTION-BASED TEXT ENTRY INTERFACES 322
16.5 DESIGN GUIDELINES 324
16.6 CONCLUSION 327
RELATED ORGANIZATIONS AND RESEARCH GROUPS 327
MAJOR PRODUCTS 328
REFERENCES 328
Index 330
A 330
B 331
C 331
D 332
E 332
F 333
G 333
H 333
I 334
J 334
K 334
L 335
M 335
N 336
O 336
P 336
Q 336
R 337
S 337
T 338
U 338
V 339
W 339
Y 339
Z 339
About the Authors 340