Culture and Neural Frames of Cognition and Communication (eBook)

Culture and Neural Frames of Cognition and Communication 3
Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Neuroplasticity: Biological Evolution´s Contribution to Cultural Evolution 13
1 Introduction 13
2 Part One: Cognitive Functions such as Perception, Memory and Thinking Arise from the Integrated Activity of Dynamic Neural Systems Distributed over Multiple Brain Areas 15
3 Part Two: Sensory Stimulation and the Viability and Growth of Brain Cells 17
4 Part Three: Social Interactions as the Source of Early Environmental Stimulation 19
5 Part Four: The Human Rearing Environment 22
6 Part Five: Brain Imaging Demonstrations of Environment Induced Brain Organization in Human Beings 24
7 Summary and Conclusions 26
References 26
Cultural Neuroscience of Social Cognition 30
1 The Social Brain Hypothesis 30
2 What Is Cultural Neuroscience? 34
3 Cultural Neuroscience of Social Cognition: A Review of the Current Literature 36
3.1 Self- and Other Knowledge 36
3.2 Interpersonal Perception 40
3.3 Emotion Recognition 42
3.4 Empathy 42
3.5 Theory of Mind 44
4 Open Questions for Research on Cultural Neuroscience of Social Cognition 45
References 46
The Brain and Its Self: Concepts of Self and the Cortical Midline Structures 51
1 Introduction 51
2 Concepts of the Self I: Characterization of the Self in Neuroscience 53
2.1 Self-Specific Contents 53
2.2 Self as Entity 53
2.3 Self as Innate 54
2.4 Self as ``Special Addition´´ 54
3 Concepts of the Self II: Characterization of the Self in Immunology 56
3.1 Specific Contents 56
3.2 Emergence of Self 57
3.3 Self and Zero Resting State 57
3.4 Self/Non-Self Continuum 57
3.5 Dynamic Network 58
3.6 Inherence of Self 59
3.7 Equilibrium and Active Resting State 59
4 Empirical Plausibility I: Self as Content or Structure 60
4.1 Subcortical-Cortical Midline Structures and the Self: Empirical Data 60
4.2 Subcortical-Cortical Midline Structures: Self as Content or Structure 62
5 Empirical Plausibility II: Self as Innate or Constructed 65
5.1 Subcortical-Cortical Midline Structures and High Resting State Activity: Empirical Data 65
5.2 High Resting State Activity in Subcortical-Cortical Midline Structures: Self as Innate or Constructed 67
References 70
Self Identity in Sociocultural Contexts: Implications from Studies of Self-face Recognition 74
1 Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Self-face Recognition 75
2 Social Contexts and Self-face Recognition 79
3 Cultural Differences in Self-face Recognition 79
4 Self-construal Priming and Self-face Recognition 81
5 Conclusion 83
References 84
The Relation Between the Self and Others: A Transcultural Neuroimaging Approach 86
1 Cultural Differences in Self-referential Processing 87
2 Cultural Difference in Self-reference Effect and the Scope Hypothesis 89
3 Neural Basis of the Cultural Difference in Self-referential Processing 92
4 Cultural Neuroscience Study of the Self: Selection of a Baseline 95
5 Implication of the Brain Imaging Findings 97
6 Conclusion 98
References 98
Unconscious Self-processing: Subconscious, Unintentional or Subliminal? 101
1 Instruction 101
2 Whether Unconscious Self-processing Is Conceptually Feasible? 102
3 What Are the Practical and Theoretical Values of Unconscious Self-processing? 103
4 Then, What We Know About Unconscious Self-processing? 105
4.1 ``Subconscious´´ Self-processing 105
4.2 ``Unintentional´´ Self-processing 106
4.3 ``Subliminal´´ Self-processing 108
5 Conclusion 111
References 113
Brain, Behavior, and Culture: Insights from Cognition, Perception, and Emotion 116
1 Contributions to Cognition 119
1.1 Language 119
1.2 Mathematics 120
1.3 Memory 120
1.4 Perspective-Taking 121
2 Contributions to Perception 122
2.1 Object and Background Processing 123
2.2 Social Cues 124
3 Contributions to Emotion Recognition 125
4 Conclusion 126
References 127
Psychological Time, Time Perspective, Culture and Conflict Resolution 130
1 Introduction 131
2 Types of Time 131
3 The Essence of Time 132
4 Time, Personality and Behavior 132
5 Time and Culture 133
5.1 The Degree of Distinction Between Past, Present and Future 134
5.2 The Direction of Time 134
5.3 Relating to Time as Being ``Quantitative´´ or ``Qualitative´´ 135
5.4 Time´s Relationship to Man 135
5.5 The Value of Time and the Pace of Life 135
6 Time Perspective 136
6.1 Summary: Techno-Western Time Versus Non-Western Time 137
6.1.1 Techno-Western Culture 137
6.1.2 Non-Western Culture 137
6.1.3 Conceptualizing Time in the Twenty-First Century 138
6.2 Time and Religion 138
7 On the Link Between the Dimension of Time and the Emergence and Development of Conflicts 138
7.1 The Effect of Time-Related Heuristics on the Emergence of Conflicts 139
8 The Effect of the Relationship to Time on Conflict Resolution Negotiation Processes 140
8.1 Tactical Use of Time as a Source of Power 140
8.2 Setting Deadlines 140
8.3 The Effect of the Temporal Distance on the Date of Resolution 140
8.4 The Effect of Time on the Building of Trust Between Parties to a Conflict 141
8.5 Temporal Perspective and Conflict Resolution 141
9 Summary 142
References 143
Co-creation Systems: Ma and Communication 145
1 Introduction 145
2 Standing on the Inside 147
3 Creation and Sharing of Ma 150
4 Supporting of Co-creative Communication 155
5 Summary 157
References 158
Hearing Loss and Auditory Processing Disorders: Clinical and Experimental Perspectives 159
1 Introduction: The Importance of Hearing in Our Everyday Life 160
2 Cross-linguistic Demographic Data on Hearing Impairment 161
3 Assessment and Management of Hearing Loss 162
4 Deficits Associated with Hearing Loss Across the Human Life Span 164
5 Auditory Processing Disorders from an Audiological Perspective 165
6 Central Auditory Processing from Neuropsychological Perspective 166
7 Temporal Patterning in Auditory Information Processing with Special Concern to Language 167
8 Auditory Perception of Temporal Order with Special Concern to Cognitive Aging 168
9 Neuroanatomical Loci of the Perception of Temporal Order 169
10 Timing Studies as a Starting Point to Modern Neurorehabilitation 170
10.1 Before Versus After Comparisons: Psychophysical Evidence 171
10.2 Before Versus After Comparisons: fMRI Evidence 171
10.3 Before Versus After Comparisons: Electrophysiological Evidence 171
11 Conclusions 172
References 173
Broca´s Area: Linking Perception and Production in Language and Actions 175
1 Introduction 176
2 Broca´s Anatomy 176
3 Lesion Studies in Broca´s Area: A Focus on Language Production and Comprehension 177
3.1 Language Production 177
3.2 Language Comprehension 178
4 Lesion Studies of Actions 178
4.1 Action Execution 179
4.2 Action Perception 179
5 Functional Studies on Language 180
5.1 Language Production 180
5.2 Language Comprehension 181
6 Functional Studies on Actions 182
6.1 Action Execution 182
6.2 Action Perception 182
7 Mirror Neurons and the Putative Mirror Neuron System 183
8 Broca´s Area: Between Language and Action 184
References 186
Language Attrition and Identity 191
References 203
The Logic of Constellations: A Complementary Mode of Thinking that is Crucial for Understanding How Reality Actually Takes Place 205
1 Introduction 206
2 Discovering the Existence of Categorial Apparatus (pl.) 207
3 A Novel Account of Time and Reality 209
4 A Present-Based Concept of Time 211
5 Autogenesis and Strong Self-Referentiality 212
6 The Taking Place of Reality and the Logic of Constellations 213
7 Outlook: Further Practical Implications of LOC 215
7.1 Towards a Coherent Account of Evolution 215
7.2 Coping with Objective Uncertainty 216
7.3 Responsible Decision Making Despite High Levels of Complexity 216
7.4 The Phenomenon of Freedom and the Perception of Meaning 217
7.5 The Secret of Natural Language and the Future of AI 217
8 Conclusion 218
Appendix 218
References 219
Three Modes of Knowledge as Basis for Intercultural Cognition and Communication: A Theoretical Perspective 220
1 Three Modes of Knowledge 220
2 Aspects of Explicit Knowledge 222
3 Aspects of Implicit Knowledge 224
4 Aspects of Pictorial Knowledge 226
4.1 Present Pictorial Knowledge 227
4.2 Mnemonic Pictorial Knowledge 228
4.3 Topological Pictorial Knowledge 229
5 The Aesthetic and the Mimetic Principles: Unifying Concepts of Knowledge 230
5.1 The Aesthetic Principle 230
5.2 The Mimetic Principle 234
References 235
Two Modes of Thinking: Evidence from Cross-Cultural Psychology 237
1 Introduction 237
2 A Glance at the History of the Dual Mode Idea 239
3 Recent Dual Mode Accounts of Thinking 241
4 Dual Process/System Theory in a Nutshell 242
5 Evidence 244
6 Evidence from Cross-Cultural Research 245
7 Implications: From Dual Process Theory to Dual Process Practice 246
References 248
Outcome Evaluation in Decision Making: ERP Studies 252
1 Decision Making and Outcome Evaluation 253
2 ERP Components of Outcome Evaluation 254
3 Role of Expectancy in Outcome Evaluation (1) 256
4 Role of Expectancy in Outcome Evaluation (2) 264
5 The Components of Regret in Decision Making 269
5.1 ERP Results 272
6 Anxiety on Decision 276
7 Conclusions 282
References 283
Mindfulness in Leadership: Does Being Mindful Enhance Leaders´ Business Success? 289
1 Introduction 290
2 An Outline of Leadership Responsibilities in the Light of Today´s Challenges 291
3 Mindfulness: What Is It - and What Not? 295
4 Mindful Leadership: How Mindfulness Can Help Leaders in Their Main Roles 298
4.1 Informational Roles of Leaders 299
4.2 Interpersonal Roles of Leader 300
4.3 Decisional Roles of Leaders 301
4.4 Moral Behavior and Mindfulness 302
5 Building the Mindfulness Muscle Solves All Problems? A Caveat 303
6 Conclusion: A Very Old and Unspectacular Way of Being for Dealing with the Demand and Responsibilities of Modern Leadership 304
References 306
Index 310