International Handbook of Historical Archaeology (eBook)

Contents 6
Contributors 9
Acknowledgments 12
Introduction 13
References 16
Part 1: Themes, Issues, and Approaches 17
A North American Perspective on Race and Class in Historical Archaeology 18
Introduction 18
Roots of Class and Racial Analysis in Historical Archaeology 19
A Note on Terminology: Race, Class, and Ethnicity 19
Problems Isolating Class, Ethnicity, or Race in Archaeological Analysis 20
Patterns, Consumer Choice, and Ethnic/Class Markers 21
A Multitude of Voices: Critical, Political, Mutualistic, Marxist, and Vindicationist Archaeologies of Race and Class 23
Power to the People: Reflexivity and Descendant Community Involvement 23
Looking at Material Culture at the Intersection of Class and Race 24
Cultural Analysis: Expanding the Discourse on Race and Class 25
Culture: Problem or Solution? 26
The Archaeologies of White Racial Identity and Privilege 26
Conclusion 27
References 27
Ethical Issues in Historical Archaeology 31
Introduction 31
Ethical Considerations for Archaeology as a Profession 33
Scholarship and Publishing 34
Respect for the Dead, Concern for the Living 34
Ethics in Historical Archaeology 36
Research Practice 36
Oral History 38
Collaboration with Commercial Enterprises 38
Commercial vs. Academic Archaeology: Two Cultures? 39
Public-Private Partnerships 40
Conclusion 40
References 40
Colonies, Colonialism, and Cultural Entanglement: The Archaeology of Postcolumbian Intercultural Relations 44
Introduction 44
Definitions: Colonies, Colonialism, Cultural Entanglement, and Structures of Discourse 44
Colonialism as a Research Framework in Postcolumbian Archaeology 46
Assessing Colonial Control (or the Lack Thereof) 48
Archaeological Illustrations 50
Cultural Entanglement: Seneca Iroquois, Hueda, and Dahomey 50
Limited Radius of Colonial Control: Fort Ross 52
Complicating Colonizer and Colonized: Ireland, Cape Colony, and Colonial California 53
Postcolumbian Archaeology as Colonialism/Decolonizing Postcolumbian Archaeology 56
References 59
Landscape Approaches in Historical Archaeology: The Archaeology of Places 63
Introduction 63
Landscape and Its Elements 63
Landscape Approaches in Historical Archaeology 65
Issues and Themes in Landscape Archaeology 67
Gardens as Formal Landscapes 67
Spatiality of Power Relations 67
Interior Space, Public and Private 68
Heritage 68
Place and Identity 70
Case Study in Landscape, Identity, Power, and Memory: The Internment Eventscape 70
Archaeology and Oral History 70
Power and Privacy 71
The Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site 72
Future Directions 73
References 74
Historical Archaeology and the Environment: A North American Perspective 78
Introduction 78
Processual Paradigms 79
Evolutionary Ecology 79
Systems Ecology 80
Cultural Ecology 81
Historical Ecology 82
Ecological Marxism 83
Environmental Humanism 83
References 84
An Update on Zooarchaeology and Historical Archaeology: Progress and Prospects 87
Introduction 87
The Development of Historical Zooarchaeology 87
Issues in Analysis 89
Taphonomy and Recovery 90
Identification and Recording 91
Quantification 92
Interpretation 94
Results 95
Diet and Subsistence Practices 95
Animal Husbandry and Food Distribution 99
Social and Cultural Variations in Foodways 100
Archaeological Interpretations 102
Beyond Subsistence: Future Directions in Historical Zooarchaeology 103
References 107
Going, Going, Gone: Underwater Cultural Resources in Decline 115
Introduction 115
Historical Perspective 115
Evaluating the Resource 117
Estimating the Size of the Resource 117
How Large Is the Recoverable Resource? 119
Applying the Hubbert Model 121
Toward a More Accurate Estimate of the Size of the Resource 122
How Many Sites Have Been Discovered? 123
How Many Sites Have Been Extracted? 123
How Many Sites Are in Reserve? 123
How Many Sites Remain to Be Discovered? 124
The Florida Example 125
The East Indiaman Example 125
The Sussex County Example 126
Factors Affecting Interpretation 127
How Wisely Have We Used the Resource? 128
Ship Construction 128
Maritime Artifacts 130
Lost Opportunities 131
Conservation 133
How Well Have We Educated the Public and Ourselves? 135
Scholarly and Popular Media 135
Educational Programs 137
Societies 138
How Well Have We Planned for the Future? 139
U.S. Legislation and International Initiatives to Protect Underwater Cultural Heritage 139
The Deep Ocean Frontier 142
International, Illicit Traffic in Antiquities 144
Conclusion 144
References 146
Preparing for an Afterlife on Earth: The Transformation of Mortuary Behavior in Nineteenth-Century North America 150
Introduction 150
Historical Development of North American Mortuary Practices 151
The Archaeology of Historical-Period Cemeteries 158
Conclusions 163
References 164
Making Historical Archaeology Postcolonial 167
Introduction 167
Matthew Johnson and the Archaeology of Capitalism 168
Carmel Schrire and the Archaeology of Racism 169
Naomi Scheman and the Politics of Naming 170
Quetzil Castañeda and the Archaeology of the Subjects of the Colonial State 171
Discovering a Vocal Past 172
Pisté: Archaeology for the Colony 173
Presenting Culture 174
Public Displays of Heritage 174
References 175
The Current State and Future Prospects of Theory in European Post-Medieval Archaeology 177
Introduction 177
The Weight of Tradition or Unreleased Potential? 177
Germany 177
France 180
The Mediterranean 182
Italy 183
Scandinavia 184
Low Countries 185
Central and Eastern Europe 186
Overview 187
Europe and the Wider World 188
Can America and Europe be United by a Global Archaeology? 188
Colonialism and Beyond 189
Conclusion 190
References 191
Beyond Consumption: Toward an Archaeology of Consumerism 198
Introduction 198
The Roots of Consumerism 199
The Contribution of Archaeology to Consumerist Studies 199
Mapping Out the Scope of a Consumerist Archaeology 201
Structural and Behavioral Aspects of the Emergence, Growth, and Maintenance of Consumer Societies 202
The Effects of Consumerism on the Life Histories of Specific Products 202
Advertising and Communication 202
Explaining Apparent Alternatives/Reactions to Consumerism 202
The Commercialization Process of Consumer Services and Societal Practices 203
Ideological Expressions of Consumerist Societies 203
Where to Look for Answers 203
Ceramics as a Mirror of Consumerism 203
Nineteenth-Century Styles and Ceramic Expression 204
Aesthetic-Movement Ceramics as Case Study 208
Moving Beyond Foundational Studies 210
Conclusions 212
References 212
Artifacts and Personal Identity 215
Introduction 215
Examining Identity 215
Material Culture 217
Looking at the Body and the Presentation of Self 218
Personal Artifacts and Identity 218
What Artifacts Are Personal? 219
Worn Objects and Identity 220
Personal Adornment 220
Shoes and Textiles 223
Inscribed Objects 224
Constructing the Self Through the Group 225
References 228
Darwinism and Historical Archaeology 232
Introduction 232
What Is Evolutionary Archaeology? 232
Immanent and Configurational Properties 235
Kinds of Units 236
Change, Homology, and Lineages 239
Seriation 241
Discussion 247
Conclusions 251
References 253
World-Systems Theory, Networks, and Modern-World Archaeology 258
Introduction 258
Theoretical Foundations 258
World-Systems Theory 260
World Systems Theory 261
World-Systems Research in Archaeology 262
The Early Years of Adoption 262
World-Systems Theory in Historical Archaeology 264
Is There a Future for World-Systems Theory in Historical Archaeology? 268
Conclusion 269
References 269
Wholes, Halves, and Vacant Quarters: Ethnohistory and the Historical Method 274
Introduction 274
Ethnohistory 275
Historical Method 275
Nicollet and Densmore Case Studies 276
Independent Lines of Evidence 276
Joseph N. Nicollet as Enlightenment Ethnohistorian 276
Joseph Nicolas Nicollet and His Contemporaries 277
Nicollet’s Legacy 279
Enlightenment and Romanticism 279
Reconnaissance, Mapping, and Archive 279
Place Names, Cartography, and Anthropogeography of Place 279
Ethnohistorical Contributions of the 1839 Nicollet Expedition 279
Rivière à Jacques and the James River Valley 280
Sheyenne Valley and the Salt Water Region 280
Summary of Nicollet’s Contributions to Ethnohistory and Ethnohistorical Method 281
Frances Densmore as Cognitive Investigator 281
Frances Densmore as Musicologist 281
Culture History 282
Ethnohistory of Symbolic Metaphor 282
Summation of Densmore’s Contributions to Ethnohistorical Method and Investigation 284
Future Directions 284
Wholes 284
Halves 284
Vacant Quarters 284
Conclusion 284
References 285
Industrial Archaeology 289
Introduction 289
British Origins of Industrial Archaeology (IA) 289
Early IA in the United States 290
IA on the International Scene 293
An Academic Base for IA 294
The Heritage/Archaeology Divide: A Crisis of Identity? 295
A Case Study of IA in the Twenty-First Century: The West Point Foundry 297
Conclusion 298
References 299
Studying the Archaeology of War: A Model Based on the Investigation of Frontier Military Sites in the American Trans-Mississippi West 302
Introduction 302
Military Sites as an Expression of the Parent Culture 303
Quartered Safe Out Here 305
Field Fortifications 308
The Battlefield Pattern 311
The Soldier’s Lifestyle 315
Conclusions 316
References 317
Men–Women and Children: Gender and the Structuring of Historical Archaeology 321
Introduction 321
Gender Is as Gender Does: Concepts and Reconceptualization 321
Presence over Process: Material-Correlate Studies 323
Process over Presence: Gender as a Structuring Principle 324
Multilevel Approaches 325
Social Structure and Material Culture 327
Gender, Class, and Ethnicity 329
Process and Presentation: Gender and Identity Construction 330
Synthesis and Conclusion 330
References 331
Interpretive Historical Archaeologies 334
An Introduction by Way of an Example 334
Defining Interpretive Historical Archaeology 335
Historical Perspective 336
Defining Interpretive Archaeology 338
History Matters 339
Evidentiary Lines 340
Situated Interpretations 342
Accessibility 343
Conclusions 344
References 344
Asian American Studies in Historical Archaeology 347
Introduction 347
The Beginnings of Asian American Historical Archaeology 347
Recent Concerns 348
Assimilation 348
Spatial Separation 350
Sociocultural Separation 351
Economic Separation 351
Behavioral Separation 352
Linguistic Separation 353
Summary 353
Future Directions and Concerns: Recommendations 355
Expanding the Horizons 355
Methodological and Substantive Advances 355
Theoretical Advances 356
Conclusions 356
References 357
Part 2: Historical Archaeology on a Global Scale 360
Family Resemblances: A Brief Overview of History, Anthropology, and Historical Archaeology in the United States 361
Introduction 361
Through the 1930s 362
The 1940s and 1950s 364
The 1960s and 1970s 366
The 1980s and 1990s 370
The New Century 373
Postscript 375
References 376
The Archaeology of La Florida 380
Introduction 380
Trends in Research 380
Themes in Spanish Colonial Archaeology 383
Material Culture Studies 384
Ethnicity 384
Missions 385
Colonial Towns 387
Exploration and Early Contact 388
Future Directions 389
References 390
Historical Archaeology in South America 396
Introduction 396
Subjects of Investigation 397
Colonial Archaeology 397
Archaeology of Capitalism 399
Final Words 400
References 401
Historical Archaeology in Central and Northern Mesoamerica: Development and Current Status 405
Introduction 405
Historical Archaeology in Mexican Mesoamerica: A Brief Review 406
Roots of Historical Archaeology in Mesoamerica 407
The Influences of American Interests in the Spanish Legacy 407
Contributions of American and Mexican Restoration and Salvage Archaeology 408
Contributions of Problem-Oriented Prehispanic Archaeology 408
Institutional Contexts of Mesoamerican Historical Archaeology 409
Historical Archaeology in Mesoamerica: 1960s to the Present 409
Ceramics in Central Mexico: Recognition and Chronological Importance 409
Ceramic Studies-Ethnic, Social, Economic, and Political Queries 414
Religious Buildings: Convents, Monasteries, Churches, and Chapels 415
Secular Buildings: Government, Medical, Residential, Ranchos, and Haciendas 417
Regional Studies: The Soconusco, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Nochixtlan Valley, the Chontalpa, the Teotihuacan Valley, and the Valle del Mezquital 417
A Brief Commentary 418
References 418
Historical Archaeology in Yucatan and Central America 425
Introduction 425
Historical Background 425
Topics and Sites 426
Landscape and Settlement 426
Rural Landscapes 427
Urban Landscapes 430
Material Culture Analysis 434
Hacienda Archaeology and the Caste War in Yucatan 435
Archaeology of the Early Church in Yucatan and Central America 436
References 438
Archaeologies of the African Diaspora: Brazil, Cuba, and the United States 444
Introduction: Defining African Diaspora 444
Social Context of African Diaspora Archaeologies 445
Slavery 447
United States 448
Brazil 450
Cuba 453
Self-Emancipated Communities 455
Brazil 455
Cuba 457
United States 458
Summary and Conclusions 459
References 460
On the Fringes of New Spain: The Northern Borderlands and the Pacific 465
Introduction 465
Creating and Maintaining the Spanish Empire 465
Background 466
Understanding the Manifestations of the European-Centered World Economy 466
The Context for Spanish Colonization of the Northwest Frontier of New Spain and The Spanish Pacific 468
The Northwest Frontier-California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas 468
The Spanish Philippines 470
Guam and the Marianas 474
An Archaeological Overview of the Spanish Colonial Fringes 477
The Northwest Frontier 477
Evidence from Shipwrecks 478
Terrestrial Archaeology and Ethnohistory 480
Material Culture 481
The Spanish Philippines 482
Evidence from Shipwrecks 483
Ethnohistory and Ethnohistoric Documentation 486
Guam and Micronesia 487
Evidence from Shipwrecks 490
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 491
Ethnohistory 492
Shipwrecks 492
Comparative, Systemic, Diachronic Study 492
References 493
Exploration, Exploitation, Expansion, and Settlement: Historical Archaeology in Canada 500
Introduction 500
History of Historical Archaeology in Canada 500
Atlantic Region 502
Quebec and Ontario 507
Prairie Region 509
The West Coast 511
The Yukon and Nunavut 512
Conclusions 513
References 513
An Embarrassment of Riches? Post-Medieval Archaeology in Northern and Central Europe 518
Introduction 518
Organization 519
Defining the Subject 520
Urban Archaeology 523
Material Culture Studies 527
An Embarrassment of Riches? 531
References 532
The Development of Post-Medieval Archaeology in Britain: A Historical Perspective 541
Introduction 541
From Limited Beginnings: A Main Focus on Artifacts 542
Buildings, Structures, Landscapes, and Environment 547
Growth: Multidisciplinary Approaches, International Views: Tackling Colonialism and Archaeologies of the Eighteenth to Twentieth Century 549
The Position Reached: Recent Developments and the Future 550
References 553
The Practice and Substance of Historical Archaeology in Sub-Saharan Africa 557
Introduction 557
Defining Historical Archaeology in Africa 557
Source Materials 559
Regional Variations 560
Southern Africa 560
Eastern Africa, Madagascar, and the Horn 563
Central Africa 565
Western Africa 565
Maritime Archaeology 568
Conclusion 568
References 569
A Sea of Diversity: Historical Archaeology in the Caribbean 574
Introduction: Insular Cultural Expressions 574
Historical Archaeology as an Anchor to the Direct Historical Approach of the Prehistorians 574
In Homage to Forts, Great Houses, and Colonial Effects 578
Underwater Exploration Opens Up the Potential of Archaeology to Interpret History 581
Transitions in the Study of Historical-Period Cultural Contexts in the Caribbean 582
The Columbian Quincentennial Rush 584
The African Diaspora Explored: Plantations and the Study of Slavery and Its Consequences 586
Beyond the Boundaries: New Problems and Diverse Directions in Research 592
References 596
French Colonial Archaeology 604
Introduction 604
Historical Perspective 604
French Colonial Archaeology in the Americas 608
Origins of French Colonial Archaeology in Canada and the United States 608
French Colonial Material Culture 611
Trade and Social Interaction 614
Ethnicity in French North America 615
Theory in French Colonial Archaeology 616
References 616
Natives and Newcomers in the Antipodes: Historical Archaeology in Australia and New Zealand 620
Introduction 620
Historical Background 620
Key Issues and Sites 622
Early European Contact: The Batavia 622
Contact Sites: Wybalenna and the Taranaki Wars 624
Convicts: Port Arthur 625
Wealth and Power: First Government House 627
Trade to the Colonies: The Sydney Cove 628
The Overseas Chinese: Goldfields and Market Gardens 629
Industrial Archaeology: Community Studies at the Moorabool Diggings 630
Rural Settlement and Technology 630
Urban Archaeology at the Rocks 631
Future Directions 632
References 633
Above and Beyond Ancient Mounds: The Archaeology of the Modern Periods in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean 638
Introduction: Politics and Archaeology in the Middle East 638
The Ottoman Empire: History and Perspectives of the Recent Past 638
Pathways to the Archaeologies of the Recent Past 640
Starting with Ottoman-Period Artifacts 642
Adding the Recent Past to the Sequence 644
New Questions and Innovative Approaches 647
Underwater Archaeology 649
Conclusion: The Future of Ottoman Archaeology 650
References 652
Index 654