Innovation and the Entrepreneurial University (eBook)

Dirk Meissner is Deputy Head of the Laboratory for Science and Technology Studies at HSE and Academic Director of the Master Program “Governance of Science, Technology and Innovation”. Dr. Meissner has 20 years experience in research and teaching technology and innovation management and policy. He has strong background in science, technology and innovation for policy making and industrial management with special focus on Foresight and roadmapping, science, technology and innovation policies, funding of research and priority setting. Prior to joining the HSE Dirk was responsible for technology and innovation policy at the presidential office of the Swiss Science and Technology Council. Previously he was management consultant for technology and innovation management with Arthur D. Little. He is and was member of international working groups on technology and innovation policy. Dirk represented Switzerland and currently the Russian Federation at the OECD Working Party on Technology and Innovation Policy.Erkan Erdil  studied Political Science and Public Administration at Middle East Technical University (METU) in Ankara. He received Bachelor of Science degree in 1990. In 1990, he started studying Economics at the same university. He received Master of Science degree in 1994. He further received Ph.D. in 2001 from University of Maastricht. He was appointed as instructor in 1997 and as the vice-chairman of the Department of Economics at METU. He was, then appointed as associate professor in 2005 and professor in 2011. He is also the director of Science and Technology Policies Research Center (METU-TEKPOL) since 2002. He served as National Delegate for 7th Framework Programme, Research Potential and Regions of Knowledge between 2007 and 2013. He is also the board member of GLOBELICS (The global network for the economics of learning, innovation, and competence building systems). He teaches introductory economics, microeconomics, statistics, econometrics, and technology and work organization courses. His main areas of interest are labor economics, economics of technology, applied econometrics, economics of information and uncertainty. He worked in research projects of national and international organizations. He has been author/co-author, and referee of articles in American Economic Review, Applied Economics, Applied Economics Letters, Agricultural Economics, METU Studies in Development and presented papers to various international conferences. Joanna Chataway  is Professor of Science and Technology Policy at SPRU, University of Sussex.   She was formerly Director of the Innovation, Health and Science Group at RAND Europe.  She has held senior positions and appointments across a range of academic, policy research, consulting and research funding bodies.  Joanna has more than 25 years of experience in the areas of research, innovation and technology policy.  She has particular expertise  in the fields of health innovation and international development and has researched extensively the range of factors that influence the rate and direction of product and process innovation in health.   Her research has spanned public and private sectors and she has worked in industrially developed and developing countries.  In relation to innovation, she has researched and reported on regulation, standards, public opinion, finance, public/private partnerships, intellectual property rights and institutional and organizational arrangements more broadly. For many years Joanna was a professor at The Open University.  Chataway received her Ph.D. from The Open University.  She is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Honors Society and is a visiting senior researcher at the University of Edinburgh. She is named in the Academia.Net database of Outstanding Female Academics.  Joanna is currently a member of the BBSRC Bioscience in Society Strategy Panel, Vice President of the Globelics innovation and development network.

Contents 6
Part I: Innovation and Entrepreneurial University 8
1: Innovation Ecosystems and Universities 9
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Knowledge and Innovation 10
1.3 Knowledge-Based Economy and Innovation 11
1.4 Innovation and Entrepreneurial University 12
References 17
Part II: The Changing Role of Universities as Economic Actors 21
2: Effects of University Research Exposure on Young Company Behavior and Performance 22
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Theoretical Background 24
2.3 Data 28
2.4 Findings 29
2.4.1 Educational Level of Employees 29
2.4.2 Firm Formation and Availability of Finance 30
2.4.3 Success Factors and Strategy 31
2.4.4 Sources of Knowledge 32
2.4.5 Innovation 34
2.4.6 Firm Performance 35
2.5 Concluding Remarks 36
Annex 38
References 38
3: Entrepreneurial Universities: Towards a Revised Paradigm 42
3.1 Entrepreneurial Universities in the Triple Helix and Knowledge Triangle 43
3.2 The Entrepreneurial University and External Linkages 46
3.3 A Revised `Entrepreneurial University´ Paradigm 50
3.4 Conclusions 56
References 59
4: Impact of Pre-incubators on Entrepreneurial Activities in Turkey: Problems, Successes, and Policy Recommendations 61
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Literature Review 63
4.2.1 From Traditional to Entrepreneurial or Third-Generation University 63
4.2.2 Pre-incubation and Incubation Centers 66
4.2.3 Role of University-Based Pre-incubators 67
4.2.4 Characteristics of University-Based Pre-incubators 70
4.3 Methodology 71
4.3.1 Sample 72
4.4 Analysis and Findings 72
4.4.1 Pre-incubation Centers in Turkey 73
4.4.2 Criteria for Incubatees 74
4.4.3 Services 75
4.4.4 Problems with Pre-incubation Centers 77
4.4.5 Needs of Incubatees 78
4.4.6 Education and Training 78
4.4.7 Beneficiaries 79
4.4.8 Success 80
4.5 Policy Recommendations 81
4.5.1 Entrepreneurial Mindset 81
4.5.2 More Resources 82
4.5.3 Greater Collaboration 82
4.5.4 Impact Assessment 83
4.5.5 Pre-incubation Centers 83
4.6 Conclusion 84
References 85
5: Catching-up and the Role of University-Industry Collaboration in Emerging Economies: Case of Turkey 87
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 University-Industry Interaction in Retrospect: An Evolving Domain? 91
5.3 A Snapshot on University-Industry Interaction in Emerging Economies 94
5.4 University-Industry Interaction in Turkey: An Unresolved Puzzle 102
5.5 Challenges for Catch-up and Mitigation 110
5.6 Concluding Remarks 111
References 113
6: Higher Education Institutions in the Knowledge Triangle 118
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Importance of HEIs for Innovation, Education and Research 120
6.3 What Is the Knowledge Triangle? 122
6.3.1 The Link Between Education and Research 124
6.3.2 The Relationship Between RandD and Innovation 124
6.3.3 Link Between Innovation and Education 125
6.4 HEI Performance in the Context of the Knowledge Triangle 126
6.4.1 HEI Diversity 126
6.4.2 Diversity Within HEIs 127
6.4.3 Funding 128
6.4.4 HEIs´ Role in National Innovation Systems Varies Across Countries 128
6.4.5 Diversity and the Concentration on HEI Performance 130
6.5 Policies to Promote the Knowledge Triangle in HEIs 130
6.5.1 Governance, Autonomy and Competitive Funding 130
6.5.1.1 Multi-level Governance 132
6.5.1.2 Competitive Funding 132
6.5.1.3 Industry Funding of HEIs 133
6.5.1.4 International Sources of Funding 134
6.5.1.5 Other, Non-governmental Research Funding Schemes 134
6.5.1.6 Autonomy in Financing 135
6.5.2 Place-Based Policies and HEIs: Challenges, Obstacles and Open Questions 135
6.5.3 Third Mission Activities 137
6.6 Policy Contradictions and Open Questions 137
6.6.1 Tensions Between Universities and PROs 138
6.6.2 Potential Trade-offs in Knowledge Production and Diffusion 138
6.6.3 Relationship Between Education and Research 139
6.6.4 Relationship Between Education and the Third Mission 139
6.6.5 Fragmented Governance 140
6.6.6 Place-Based and HEI Ecosystems 140
6.7 Conclusion 141
References 142
Part III: Local and Regional Strategies 146
7: High Growth Firms: A Policy Option in Turkey 147
7.1 Introduction 148
7.2 Theoretical Background and Heterogeneity Among Definitions 150
7.2.1 Theoretical Background 150
7.2.2 Heterogeneity in HGF Definitions and Methods 153
7.3 Methodology 155
7.3.1 Data 155
7.3.2 HGF Measurement 156
7.4 Findings 158
7.4.1 Average Age of HGFs 158
7.4.2 Average Size of HGFs 159
7.4.3 HGFs in the First Period (2006-2009) 159
7.4.4 HGFs in the Second Period (2010-2013) 163
7.4.5 Persistence of HGFs 166
7.4.5.1 Persistence of High Growth Within Periods 167
7.4.5.2 Persistence of High Growth Between Two Periods 167
7.4.6 Use of Public Subsidy (KOSGEB) 168
7.5 Conclusion and Recommendations 169
References 171
8: Stakeholder Relationship Building Processes of RandD Based Startups: The Case of Techno-entrepreneurs in Turkey 174
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 Methodology 177
8.2.1 Coding and Analysis 177
8.2.2 Trustworthiness 178
8.3 Case Profiles 178
8.4 Analysis 181
8.4.1 Entrepreneurs Benefit from the Counterbalancing Power of the Stakeholders 181
8.4.2 Learning Emerges as a By-Product of Stakeholder Relationships 185
8.4.3 Reputation Is Earned Through Ethical and Passionate Business Practice 188
8.5 Discussion 189
8.6 Conclusion 190
References 191
9: Industry-University Collaboration for ICT and E-Government Service Development: Learning from Practice of Innovative Türksa... 194
9.1 Introduction 195
9.2 TÜRKSAT 196
9.3 E-Academic Services 196
9.4 STORK 2.0 Project 199
9.5 The Conceptual Framework: Cross-Cultural Knowledge for Managing Industry-Academia Work 201
9.6 Learning from Practice 206
9.7 Conclusion and Future Work 209
References 210
10: From a Nascent to a Mature Regional Innovation System: What Drives the Transition? 213
10.1 Introduction 214
10.2 Regional Innovation Systems: Theoretical Insights 216
10.3 Izmir´s Regional Innovation System 219
10.3.1 The Knowledge Space 219
10.3.2 The Innovation Space 226
10.3.3 The Consensus Space 231
10.4 Discussion 233
10.5 Conclusions 238
References 239
11: Scientific Cooperation in a German Polish Border Region in the Light of EU Enlargement 243
11.1 Introduction 244
11.2 Enlargement of the European Union 245
11.3 Economic Effects of EU Enlargement and Border Regions 247
11.4 EU Financial Support Programmes for Border Regions 249
11.5 Economic and Scientific Effects on Polish-German Border Regions 251
11.6 Scientific Cooperation in a Polish-German Border Region: The Example of Viadrina 253
11.7 Conclusion 258
References 259
Part IV: Evolving University/Industry Collabrations in Response to New Modes of Knowledge Production 263
12: How Will Open Science Impact on University/Industry Collaborations? 264
12.1 Introduction 265
12.2 Are We Moving Away from Traditional Models of SandT Based University/Industry Collaboration? 265
12.2.1 Questioning the Impact of IPR on Innovation: Do the Tragedy of the Anti-Commons and Perceived Inefficiencies Outweigh t... 266
12.3 Should We Be Concerned About the Efficiency and Quality of Mainstream Science? 268
12.4 What Is Open Science and Might It Help Produce Science More Efficiently and Effectively? 269
12.5 Are We Moving Towards a New Era? 272
12.5.1 What Is the Right Balance Between Openness and Ownership? 272
12.5.2 Academic Career Structures: Will Open Science Work for University Scientists? 273
12.5.3 Is the Increasing Fragmentation of Initiatives a Problem? 274
12.5.4 Do We Need New Policy Tools Including Indicators and Monitoring Tools? 275
12.6 Policy Challenges 276
References 278
Chapter 13: Value Generation from Industry-Science Linkages in Light of Targeted Open Innovation 282
13.1 Introduction 283
13.2 Value Generation from STI 284
13.2.1 Levels of Value Generation from STI 284
13.2.2 Determinants of STI Value Generation 285
13.3 Approaches to STI Value Generation 290
13.4 STI Value Creation Under the Open Innovation Paradigm 292
13.5 Discussion and Conclusion 293
References 295
14: The Latent Role of Universities in Boosting Innovations: An Informational Approach 298
14.1 Synergy and the Mathematical Theory of Communication 302
14.2 Universities and Innovation: Generalizing the Communication Dynamics 305
14.3 University Participation in Innovation Dynamics: The Case of BitCoin 307
14.4 Institutional Isomorphism and the Block Chain Disruption to Institutions 309
14.5 Conclusion 311
References 312
Part V: Targeting on Innovation: Potentials and Limits of Entrepreneurial Universities 316
15: Targeting on Innovation: Potentials and Limits of Entrepreneurial Universities 317