Entrepreneurship in Culture and Creative Industries (eBook)

Elisa Innerhofer is Senior Researcher at the Institute for Regional Development at the European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy and working in the hospitality sector. She holds a Ph.D. in Economics at the Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt. Her research interests include innovation and product development in tourism, regional and destination management and culture and creativity as location factors. She worked as a researcher at the Chair of Tourism and Center for Entrepreneurship at the Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt and as an independent consultant for a consulting institute. Harald Pechlaner is Professor of Tourism and Head of the Center for Entrepreneurship at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany, and Director of the Institute for Regional Development at the European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC research), Italy. Prof. Harald Pechlaner is President of AIEST (Association Internationale d’Experts Scientifiques du Tourisme). He is Adjunct Research Professor at the School of Marketing of Curtin University (Curtin Business School) in  Perth/Western Australia, and since 2016 a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. Elena Borin is Associate Professor for the Department of Control, Law and Finance, Director of the Master in Arts and Cultural Management at the Burgundy School of Business (Dijon, France) where she is also member of the Management of Culture and Arts Research Cluster (CEREN/MECIC). Her PhD thesis in Economics (University of Ferrara – Italy) entitled "Public-Private partnerships in the cultural sector in Europe" won the ENCATC Award on Cultural Management and Policy. Her research interests include cultural management, international cultural governance and multi-stakeholder partnerships. She has previously cooperated with the European Project ADRIA A and the University of Ferrara (Italy).

Contents 6
List of Contributors 9
Introduction 11
1 Times of Change: The Impact on Creative Industries 12
2 About the Book: Content and Organization 15
2.1 Structure of the Book 15
References 17
Part I: Combining Creative Industries and Business Issues 19
Culture-Based Products: Integrating Cultural and Commercial Strategies 20
1 Introduction 20
2 Theoretical Background 21
3 Methods and Cases 23
4 Findings 25
5 Conclusions: Direction for Future Research 30
References 31
Entrepreneurial Behavior and Financing Structures in the German Creative Industries 33
1 Introducing the Issue 33
2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 34
2.1 Characteristics of the Cultural and Creative Industries 34
2.2 Aspects of Entrepreneurial Financial 35
3 Survey About Start-Ups and Growing Firms in German Cultural and Creative Industries 36
3.1 Sample of the Survey 36
3.2 Descriptive Statistics 37
3.2.1 Characteristics of the Entrepreneurs 37
3.2.2 Characteristics and Structures of the Organization 38
3.2.3 Capital Needs and Phases of Financing 40
4 Theoretical Framework Approach 43
4.1 Some Hypotheses About the Financing Structures 43
4.2 Some Hypotheses About the Choice of Financing Structures 44
4.3 Operationalization of Variables 45
4.4 Results 46
5 Conclusion: Discussion and Implications 47
References 49
Financial Sustainability of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Cultural and Creative Sector: The Role of Funding 52
1 Introduction 52
2 Theoretical Debate 53
3 Research Method 57
4 Results and Discussion 58
4.1 Result R1: Bank Finance-Insights on the Relationship Between Banks and Cultural Entrepreneurship 58
4.1.1 Form of Mediation 60
4.1.2 Nature of the Financial Contracts 61
4.2 Result R2: Determinants of the Credit Demand in Cultural Entrepreneurship 62
4.3 Result R3: Exploring the Reasons for Bank Finance Weakness in Cultural and Creative Enterprises 64
5 Concluding Remarks 66
References 67
Entrepreneurial Storytelling as Narrative Practice in Project and Organizational Development 70
1 Introduction: Organizational Practice as a Communicative Task 71
2 Theoretical Framework: Entrepreneurial Storytelling as an Interdisciplinary Phenomenon 72
2.1 Defining Entrepreneurship 73
2.2 Storytelling, Narrative and Entrepreneurship 73
2.3 Storytelling, Design and Entrepreneurship 74
3 Approach and Methods: Narrative and Discourse Analysis 75
4 Context of the Case Studies: Culture and Creative Industries 76
5 Key Findings: Entrepreneurial Storytelling as Narrative Practice 78
5.1 Entrepreneurial Narration 78
5.2 Entrepreneurial Design 79
5.3 Entrepreneurial Network 80
5.4 Entrepreneurial Story 81
5.5 Entrepreneurial Discourse 83
6 Discussion and Implications for Science and Organizational Practice 85
References 86
Journals and Articles 86
Books and Chapters 87
Online Documents 90
The Paradox Between Individual Professionalization and Dependence on Social Contexts and Professional Scenes 91
1 On the Depending Relation Between Cultural Entrepreneurs and Their Scenes in Cultural and Creative Industries 92
1.1 Culturepreneurs 93
1.2 Scenes 93
1.3 Professionalization and Its Paradoxes 95
1.4 Two Contrasting Cases: Berlin and Leipzig 96
1.5 Entrepreneurial Scenes in Leipzig 97
1.6 Spatial Practices of the Design and Art Scene 97
1.7 Entrepreneurial Scenes in Berlin 98
1.8 Variations and Types of Entrepreneurial Scenes in Leipzig and Berlin 101
References 101
Entrepreneurship in the Creative Industries 104
1 Introduction 104
2 Methods 106
3 Definitional Discourse 112
3.1 Creative Industries 112
3.2 Entrepreneurship 114
3.3 Entrepreneur 115
4 Contextual Conditions 116
5 Social Mechanisms 117
5.1 Individual-Cognitive Level 117
5.2 Action-Orientated Level 119
5.3 Collective Level 120
6 Outcome Patterns 121
7 Gaps and Inconsistencies 122
8 Particularities Matching Mechanisms 122
9 Setting the Research Agenda 123
9.1 Non-Entrepreneurial Passion 123
9.2 Identity-Related Motivation 124
9.3 Symbolic Value 126
9.4 Action and Planning 127
10 Conclusion 129
Appendix 1 Selected Entrepreneurship Studies in the Creative Industries 130
Appendix 2 Passion, Lifestyle, Bricolage and Symbolic Value in Current Entrepreneurship Research 138
References 152
Part II: The Value of Creative Industries for Change and Development 160
Entrepreneurial Education in Arts Universities: Facilitating the Change to the Entrepreneurial Mindset 161
1 Introduction 162
2 The Essence of Change 163
3 Methodological Approach in Brief 164
4 Student Perspectives: What Do We Not See There? 165
5 Entrepreneurial Educators: To Question is to Fortify 167
6 EU Projects and Policy: Achieving What is Already Achieved? 168
7 Reflections on a Renewed Entrepreneurial Education Framework 169
8 Conclusion 171
References 172
Journals and Articles 172
Books and Chapters 172
Online Document 172
Interviews 173
The New Socio-Cultural Entrepreneurs 174
1 Defining the Framework 174
1.1 Different Forms of Entrepreneurship 175
1.1.1 Social Entrepreneurship 175
1.1.2 Arts and Cultural Entrepreneurship 176
1.1.3 Socio-Cultural Work 176
2 Working Hypothesis 177
3 Socio-Cultural Entrepreneurship 177
3.1 Defining Socio-Cultural Entrepreneurship 178
3.2 Case Study 179
4 Results 180
4.1 Identity of the Entrepreneur 180
4.2 Teaching What Entrepreneurship Means 181
4.3 Change the Awareness of Other Fields Like Engineers, Lawyers, Doctors 182
5 Conclusion 182
References 183
Journals and Articles 183
Books and Chapters 184
Online Document 184
From Edge to Engine 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Understanding the Creative Economy 187
2.1 Empirical Base 188
2.2 Selection of Cases 188
3 The Search for Evidence-Based Policy Development 188
4 Measuring and Defining Data 189
4.1 Measuring Success and Failure 190
5 Initial Policy Recommendations 191
5.1 Perceived Challenges 192
6 Five Years Later: 2013 192
6.1 Understanding the Creative Economy: Clearer Definitions 192
6.2 Evaluating the Impact and Meaning of the Creative Economy 193
6.3 Assessing the Results 194
7 Fostering Revised Policy Recommendations 195
7.1 Future Challenges 196
8 Conclusion 196
References 198
Cultural Entrepreneurship in the Context of Spillovers Within the Cultural and Creative Industries 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Cultural and Creative Industry Spillovers and the Role of Cultural Entrepreneurship in the Realization of Innovation 202
3 Knowledge Spillovers Through Design Interventions: Strategies and Practices of Cultural Entrepreneurship in the Case of Cost... 204
3.1 Background and Working Method of Costruire Bellezza 205
3.2 Research Methodology 206
3.3 Findings 207
3.3.1 Knowledge and Network Spillovers 207
3.3.2 Cultural Entrepreneurship and the Realization of Spillovers: Strategies 207
4 Conclusion 211
Annex 212
Box A Question Patterns of Face-to-Face Interviews with Cultural Entrepreneurs. Two of the Interviews were Conducted in 2014 (... 212
References 213
Enhancing the Potential of Cultural Entrepreneurship: Connecting Regional Development and Performance of Cultural Firms in Eur... 215
1 Introduction and Literature Review 215
2 Data and Method 219
3 Results 222
4 Discussion and Conclusion 225
Reference 226
When Culture Meets Economy 230
1 Introduction 231
2 Regional Innovation Systems and Creative Industries 232
3 Case Study South Tyrol 235
3.1 Regional Innovation System in South Tyrol 236
3.2 Conclusions Regarding the Role of the Creative Industries in the District Bolzano Sud 239
References 240
Part III: Creative Industries in the Context of Regional and Destination Development 243
Cultural Entrepreneurship and Rural Development: Case Study of Pirot, Serbia 244
1 Introduction 244
2 Historical Overview of Cultural Entrepreneurship Development in Pirot 248
3 Data and Methodology 250
4 State and Characteristics of Cultural Entrepreneurship in Pirot 251
5 Conclusions 256
Appendix 257
References 259
Case Study: Don´t Say Street Art, Just Say Fanzara 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Literature Review 264
3 Description of Fanzara 267
4 How the Idea of MIAU Was Implemented 270
5 Organization During the MIAU 272
6 Selection of Artists 273
7 Three Years of Success 273
8 Conclusion 274
Referencess 275
On Line Reference List 277
Relevant Locational Factors for Creative Industries Startups 278
1 Starting Point and Objectives: The Attractiveness of Startups from the Creative Industries and Related Research Questions fo... 279
2 Basis and State of the Art: Locational Factors in Startup Literature and in the Creative Industries 279
3 Methodology and Approach: Quantitative and Qualitative Research and a Model with 28 Locational Factors 281
4 Results and Findings: Relevant Locational Factors for Startups in the Creative Industries and the Situation in the Region of... 281
4.1 Locational Factors and Relevance Assessments for Startups in the Creative Industries 281
4.2 Changes Expected in the Importance of Individual Locational Factors in the Future 284
4.3 Assessment of the Strength of Locational Factors in the Region of Stuttgart 284
5 Discussion and Recommendations: Opportunities and Challenges for the Stuttgart Region as Seen by Stakeholders 286
5.1 Sustainable Startups in a Positive Economic Situation: Smart Selection 286
5.2 Network of All Stakeholders Combined with Local Patriotism: Smart Connection 287
5.3 Intelligently Linking Support Options: Smart Capital 288
5.4 Startups, Art, Media and Strong Business Partners for a Unique Profile: Smart Culture 289
6 Conclusions and Limitations: Implications for Research and Practice and the Stuttgart Region 290
6.1 General Implications for Research and Practice 290
6.2 Implications for Stuttgart 290
References 292
Managing a World Heritage Site in Italy as Janus Bifrons: A ``Decentralized Centralization´´ Between Effectiveness and Efficie... 294
1 Introduction and Theoretical Background 294
2 Research Context 296
2.1 Public Reforms and Italian Cultural Heritage System: From 1939 to 2007 296
2.2 The Archaeological and Historical Site of Aquileia: An Institutional History and Three Steps Towards Its Current Story-198... 297
3 Methodology 297
4 Findings 300
4.1 A Variety of Discourses: Managing the Aquileia WHS 300
4.2 Effectiveness 300
4.3 Efficiency 301
4.4 A Summary: Dynamics Between Substantive and Procedural Aspects 302
5 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 302
5.1 Materiality, Sources of Conflict and Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration 302
5.2 Unmanaged Complexity Between Professional Control and Accountability: Concluding Remarks 304
References 306
Creative Entrepreneurship in No Man´s Land: Challenges and Prospects for a Metropolitan Area and Smaller Communities. Perspect... 308
1 Context 309
2 Creative and Cultural Entrepreneurship: Theoretical Background 311
3 The Story of Savamala 312
4 Mikser 314
5 Nova Iskra 315
6 Creative Mentorship 317
7 Conclusions 318
8 Challenges and Perspectives 319
References 321
Books and Chapters 321
Online Document 321
Organization Site 322
Experience-Driven Cultural Entrepreneurship: Business Models and Regional Development in the ``World of Frederick II Hohenstau... 323
1 Introduction 323
2 Research Methodology 324
3 Typology of Heritage Experiences 325
3.1 The First Amazement 328
3.2 The Experience of Time 328
3.3 The Immersive Experience 329
3.4 The Haptic Experience 330
3.5 The Visual Experience 331
4 Community Involvement and ``Heripreneurship´´ 332
5 Conclusion 334
References 336
Urban Creative and Cultural Entrepreneurs: A Closer Look at Cultural Quarters and the Creative Clustering Process in Nantes (F... 337
1 Introduction 338
2 Urban Cultural and Creative Clusters: Theoretical Background 338
3 The Methodological Approach and Empirical Study 341
3.1 Presentation of the ``Quartier de la Création´´ Evolution 341
3.2 Genesis of the Quartier de la Création: Late-80s to 2010 343
4 Analysis: Discussion 343
4.1 An In Vivo Experiment Nurturing Informal Knowledge Network and Cooperative Practices 343
4.2 The Duplication Attempt in an Institutional Context 345
4.3 Different Key Actors and Their Roles in the Governance Practice 346
5 Conclusion: Managerial Implications and Research Perspectives 346
Reference 347