At the Origins of Modernity (eBook)

Contents 6
1 Introduction: Francisco de Vitoria and the Origins of the Modern Global Order 8
Abstract 8
References 23
Vitoria as the Father of International Law 25
2 From the “Imago Dei” to the “Bon Sauvage”: Francisco de Vitoria and the Natural Law School 26
Abstract 26
1 Introduction: A Triptych in the Manner of Ferdinando Gallego 26
2 The Frame: The Historical and Political Coordinates of Modernity 28
3 The Central Panel: The Theoretical Coordinates of Modernity 29
4 The First Side Panel: Vitoria, the Jurists and the Natural Law 30
5 The Second Side Panel: Vitoria, the Philosophers and the Natural Rights 36
6 Final Observations: Towards the Establishment of the Doctrine of Natural Law in the Eighteenth Century 46
References 47
3 The Sovereignty of Law in the Works of Francisco de Vitoria 49
Abstract 49
1 Introduction 49
2 The Sovereignty of Natural Law: A Tool to Control Civil Power 50
3 Sovereignty of Natural Law: An Instrument for the Reformation of the Church 56
4 The Sovereignty of Natural Law: An Instrument of Justice for Nations 61
References 65
4 Vitoria, the Common Good and the Limits of Political Power 66
Abstract 66
1 Introduction 67
2 The Common Good, “Objective Right” and Individual Rights 68
3 The Commonwealth and the Limits of Political Power 70
4 Legitimate Resistance to Abuses of Political Power 73
5 Ius Gentium and Limits to State Power in International Affairs 74
6 Just War Theory as a Constraint on States 75
7 Autonomy of Church and State 76
8 Conclusion 77
References 77
5 The Problem of Eurocentrism in the Thought of Francisco de Vitoria 79
Abstract 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Occupation 80
3 The Right of Communication 82
4 The Contemporary Debate Over Vitoria 83
References 93
6 On the Spanish Founding Father of Modern International Law: Camilo Barcia Trelles (1888–1977) 96
Abstract 96
1 Introduction 97
2 Nationalism and Orthodox Catholicism in the nineteenth Century 99
3 The Nation State, the Rule of Law and Freedom in the twentieth Century 103
4 An Objective International Law 108
5 At the End of the Day … 111
References 112
Vitoria and the Jus Bellum Iustum 117
7 Francisco de Vitoria on the “Just War”: Brief Notes and Remarks 118
Abstract 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Contextual Notes 122
3 The Development of the Concept of “Just War” in Vitoria’s Works 124
3.1 The de Indis 125
3.2 The De Iure Belli 128
4 Interpretations and Remarks 132
5 Conclusion 134
References 135
8 Prevention and Intervention in Francisco de Vitoria’s Theory of the Just War 139
Abstract 139
1 Introduction 140
2 War and the Law of Nations 141
3 The Law of Nations and International Authority: The just War 144
4 Limitations of the Doctrine of the Prince as Judge 149
References 151
9 Francisco de Vitoria on Self-defence, Killing Innocents and the Limits of “Double Effect” 152
Abstract 152
1 Introducing Vitoria’s Theory of Collateral Damage 152
2 The Broader Context: The Moral and Legal Value of Human Life 154
3 The Broader Context: Different Ways of Killing 156
4 Vitoria on Double Effect 157
5 Epistemic Constraints 161
6 Conscience and Justified Scruples 162
7 Combatants and Non-combatants 163
8 Probabilism and the Limits of Double Effect 166
References 170
Sources 170
Secondary Literature 170
The Ambiguous Modernity of Vitoria’s Theological and Economical Thoughts 171
10 Francisco de Vitoria and the Postmodern Grand Critique of International Law 172
Abstract 172
1 Framing a Black Friar 172
2 The New Revisionism 173
3 Praise for Context 176
4 Personal Engagement 179
5 Moral Concerns and Doubts 182
6 Sense of Temperantia 186
References 189
11 Francisco de Vitoria and the Nomos of the Code: The Digital Commons and Natural Law, Digital Communication as a Human Right, Just Cyber-Warfare 191
Abstract 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Methodological Preface 193
3 Digital Commons 195
4 Ius Communication Is as a Human Right to Communicate 201
5 Just Cyber-wars 204
6 Conclusion 207
References 210