Advanced Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (eBook)

Preface of the Operating Agent 6
System Optimization—The Key to Success 6
Contents 8
Contributors 9
Abbreviations and Nomenclature 11
List of Figures 14
List of Tables 20
1 Introduction 22
Abstract 22
1 The Need for Sustainable Mobility 22
1.1 Timeline—History of EVs 25
1.2 Task 17—System Optimization and Vehicle Integration 29
1.2.1 Scope of Task 17 30
1.2.2 Impacts of Task 17 31
1.2.3 Working Methods of Task 17 31
References 35
2 OEM and Industry Review—Markets, Strategies and Current Technologies 36
Abstract 36
1 OEM Markets 37
1.1 China 37
1.2 United States 39
1.3 Japan and Korea 40
1.4 European Union 41
2 OEM Strategies 42
2.1 Build Your Dream 42
2.2 General Motors 43
2.3 Hyundai and Kia 43
2.4 Renault 44
2.5 VW and Audi 45
3 OEM—Key Messages 46
4 Current Status of Low-Carbon Vehicle Technologies (2013–2015) 46
4.1 Technology Extreme—Conventional ICE Vehicles 47
4.2 Technology Extreme—Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) 48
4.3 Hybrid Vehicles (HEVs) Technology—Between ICE and BEV 54
4.3.1 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) 58
4.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) 60
5 Comparison of Different Vehicle Specifications 62
5.1 Cost Factor 62
5.2 Durability 63
5.3 Energy and Power Density 63
5.4 Efficiency 63
5.5 Safety 64
References 65
3 International Deployment and Demonstration Projects 67
Abstract 67
1 Worldwide Incentives for EVs 68
1.1 Direct Subsidies 70
1.2 Fiscal Incentives 71
1.3 Fuel Cost Savings 72
2 International Deployment and Demonstration Projects 73
2.1 Development Plan for EVs in China (2011–2020) 73
2.2 Taiwan 78
2.3 United States: The ‘EV Project’ and ‘EV Everywhere’ 79
2.4 European Union 81
References 83
4 Advanced Vehicle Performance Assessment 85
Abstract 85
1 Vehicle Technology Introduction 86
1.1 Toyota G3 Prius HEV 86
1.2 Hyundai Sonata HEV 87
1.3 Ford Fusion HEV 88
1.4 Chevy Volt PHEV 88
1.5 Nissan Leaf BEV 88
2 HEV Results (Sonata, Fusion, and Prius, CS Mode Volt) 88
2.1 Introduction to Configurations 89
2.2 Fuel Economy Results 90
2.3 Engine on-off Capability 90
2.4 Engine Utilization 93
2.5 Regen 93
2.6 Improving Efficiency with Improved Thermal Management 94
3 Electric Vehicle Operation Comparison (Chevy Volt in EV Mode and Nissan Leaf BEV) 96
3.1 Configuration Comparison 96
3.2 Operational Differences 96
3.3 Battery Utilization and Recharge Efficiencies 96
3.4 Electric Powertrain Efficiency Comparisons 98
4 Auxiliary Loads HEV, PHEV, and BEV 99
4.1 Standby Auxiliary Losses 99
4.2 Hot and Cold Temperatures 99
5 Conclusions 101
6 Future Trends 102
6.1 Future HEVs 102
6.2 Future PHEVs 103
6.3 Future BEVs 104
References 104
5 System Optimization and Vehicle Integration 106
Abstract 106
1 System Optimization and Vehicle Integration 108
2 Electric Motors 109
2.1 Introduction 109
2.2 PM Motors 110
2.3 Induction Motors 110
2.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 111
2.5 Conclusions and Future Work 113
3 Battery Management Systems in EVs 113
3.1 Description and Tasks of a BMS in an EV Application 116
3.2 SoC Determination Algorithm 122
3.3 SoH Determination Algorithm 125
3.4 Integration of BMS into the EV—State of the Art 126
3.5 Examples of Integrated BMS in EVs and HEVs 129
3.6 Technology Trends of BMS 134
3.7 BatPaC: A Li-Ion Battery Performance and Cost Model for Electric-Drive Vehicles 137
3.8 Selection of BMS Suppliers and Manufacturers 141
4 Thermal Management 150
4.1 Heating Technologies 156
4.2 Automotive Thermal Comfort by Valeo 158
4.3 Development of Nanofluids for Cooling Power Electronics by Argonne 161
4.4 Eko-Lack: Simulation and Measurement of an Energy Efficient Infrared Radiation Heating of a Full EV by AIT and Qpunkt GmbH 165
5 Simulation Tools—Overview of International Research Groups 173
5.1 CRUISE—Vehicle System Simulation (by AVL) 173
5.2 Autonomie (By Argonne National Laboratory) 177
5.3 Dymola/Modelica (By Austrian Institute of Technology—AIT) 179
6 Lightweight as Overall Method for Optimization 181
6.1 Vehicle Mass Impact on Efficiency and Fuel Economy 182
6.2 Functional and Innovative Lightweight Concepts and Materials for xEVs 192
7 Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies as Overall Optimization Method 202
7.1 Reasons for an Increasing Amount of Software and Electronics 203
7.2 Electrified Drive Trains Leads to Increasing Complexity 204
7.3 Benefits Through Optimized Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies 207
References 219
6 Final Results and Recommendations 224
Abstract 224
1 Batteries 225
2 Improvements by Thermal and Battery Management 226
3 Simulation and Virtual Vehicle 226
4 Lightweight Through Advanced Materials, Bionic Concepts and Functional Integration 227
5 Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies Require New Software Concepts 228
6 Change Within the Automotive Value Chain 229
7 We Have to Change 229
References 230