Evil Within and Without (eBook)

Dr. Miryam T. Brand arbeitet am W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem/ Israel.

Cover 
1 
Title Page 4
Copyright 5
Acknowledgments 6
Body 
20 
Table of Contents 8
Abbreviations 14
Symbols Employed in Text Transcriptions 18
Dead Sea Scrolls 18
Ben Sira (Hebrew) 18
Chapter One. Introduction 20
Sin, Religious Thought, and the State of Research 20
The Source of Sin 26
Identity 27
Determinism and Free Will 27
Definition of Sin 27
Rationale and Method of the Present Study 28
Texts Included in This Study 29
Terminology 29
“Sectarian” and “Non-Sectarian” Texts 30
Determinism, “Fate,” and the Qumran Community 31
Authors and Audiences 31
Angels and Demons 31
The Plan of the Present Study 32
Theoretical Concerns 32
The Qumran Community 32
Reading Gender in Second Temple Works 33
Textual Editions and Translations Used 34
Part I: The Human Inclination to Sin 36
Chapter Two. Nonsectarian Second Temple Prayer and the Inclination to Sin 38
11QPsª col. XXIV (Syriac Psalm 155) 39
4QBarkhi Nafshi: Direct Intervention in the Human Condition 43
The Words of the Luminaries: Divine Assistance 50
4QCommunal Confession: God’s Responsibility for Sin 53
Psalms of Solomon: Prayer and the Need for Divine Assistance 55
The Road Not Travelled: Prayers without an Inclination to Sin 56
Conclusion: Innate Inclination to Sin and Inevitability in Nonsectarian Prayer 58
Chapter Three. Inclination, Physicality, and Election in Sectarian Prayer 60
The Hodayot: The Physical Dimension of Sin 60
The “Hymn of Praise”: Ongoing Sin and Chosenness 69
Sectarian Prayer: Hodayot and the Community Rule Hymn 72
Conclusion: Second Temple Prayer and the Innate Inclination to Sin 73
Chapter Four. Free Will and the Inclination to Sin in Covenantal Texts 75
The Damascus Document (CD) II.14–III.12a: Freedom of Choice and the Inclination to Sin 75
CD II.14–III.12a: A History of Sinners 76
Terminology of Sin and Choice in CD III.2–12a 79
Freedom in the Context of Predestination 83
The Community Rule: A “Free Choice” Redaction 85
The Inclination to Sin in Covenantal Texts 92
Chapter Five. The Inclination to Sin in the Book of Ben Sira and the Writings of Philo of Alexandria 94
The Book of Ben Sira: Textual History 95
Ben Sira 15:11–20 96
The Medieval Gloss in Sir 15:14: Rewriting of a Theological Argument 100
The Meaning of ye.er in the Book of Ben Sira 101
The Choice between Good and Evil in Sir 15:11–20 104
Sir 33:7–15: Election and the Evildoer 107
Other References to the Source of Sin in the Book of Ben Sira 114
Sir 25:24: Original Sin or a Wicked Wife? 114
Sir 17:31: Pondering Evil 116
Sir 21:11: Controlling One’s Inclination 117
Sir 23:2–6: Prayer and Sin 118
Ben Sira’s Approach to Sin 119
Philo of Alexandria and the Inclination to Sin 120
Conclusion: Ben Sira and Philo 127
Chapter Six. After the Destruction: 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch 129
4 Ezra 129
Inevitable Sinfulness in 4 Ezra 134
The Angel and 4 Maccabees 135
2 Baruch and 4 Ezra 138
Adam’s Sin in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch 139
Conclusion: the Choice to Sin in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch 142
Excursus: Inclination to Sin and the Gentile 145
Part II: Demonic Influence to Sin 148
Chapter SevenDemonic Sin and 1 Enoch 150
Genres and Provenance of “Demonic” Texts 151
The Watchers Myth and 1 Enoch 152
The Watchers in 1 Enoch: The Book of the Watchers (Chapters 1–36) 155
1 Enoch 6–11 156
The Role of Sin in the Three Traditions of 1 Enoch 6–11 159
The Watchers Myth in 1 Enoch 12–16 161
Forbidden Knowledge in 1 Enoch 164
1 Enoch 19:1–2: Worship of Demons 167
Summary: Watchers in 1 Enoch 168
Chapter Eight. Jubilees and Demonic Sin 170
The Book of Jubilees: Textual Background 170
The Watchers in Jubilees 4 and 5: Reflection of Genesis 6 and 1 Enoch 10–11 171
Jubilees 7: Watchers, the Law, and Human Freedom 174
Jub. 10:1–6: Prayer and Human Helplessness 177
Mastema: Bringing Demons into the Fold 180
Mastema and his Role in the Book of Jubilees 183
Summary: Mastema in Jubilees 187
Mastema in the Damascus Document 187
Belial and the Nations: A Complex View of Sin 188
Abram’s Prayer: A Complex Demonic Reference in Jubilees 194
Summary and Conclusion: Jubilees and the Demonic Source of Sin 196
Chapter Nine. Apotropaic Prayer and Views of Demonic Influence 199
The Watchers in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Sectarian Apotropaic Prayer 199
The Watchers and Other Demons of Influence in Sectarian Apotropaic Prayer 200
Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511) 202
4QIncantation (4Q444) 205
11Qapocryphal Psalms (11Q11) 207
The Plea for Deliverance and Levi’s Prayer in the Aramaic Levi Document 208
The Plea for Deliverance 209
Levi’s Prayer in the Aramaic Levi Document 211
The Rule of Demons in the Plea and Levi’s Prayer 214
Comparison of Sectarian and Nonsectarian Apotropaic Prayers 216
Chapter Ten. Belial in the Damascus Document and the War Scroll 219
Belial in the Damascus Document 221
“Angels of Hostility” and Belial in the Apocryphon of Jeremiah 230
Summary: Belial in the Damascus Document and the Apocryphon of Jeremiah 232
Belial in the War Scroll 233
Conclusion: Belial in the Damascus Document and the War Scroll 238
Chapter Eleven. Belial in Liturgical Curse Texts and the Community Rule 240
4QBerakhot: Periodization of Demonic Evil and Evildoers 240
Belial in the Community Rule: Demonic Presence and Absence in a Covenantal Text 241
4QCurses (4Q280): An Integrative Approach 249
4QFlorilegium: A pesher View of Belial 252
Conclusion: Belial in the Dead Sea Scrolls 254
Chapter Twelve. Sin and Its Source in the Treatise of the Two Spirits 258
1QS III.13–18a: Introduction to the Treatise 259
1QS III.18b–25a: A Central (Secondary?) Crux 259
The Visions of Amram 263
1QS III.25b–IV.14: The Spirits of Light and Darkness 265
1QS IV.15–23: Predestination and the Eschaton 267
I1QS IV.23–26: The Two Spirits and Predestination 269
The Redacted Treatise 270
Sources of the Treatise 272
Connection to Wisdom Thought 274
Conclusion: “Purpose” of the Treatise 275
Chapter Thirteen. Summary and Conclusions 276
Genre, Free Will, and the Source of Sin 276
Prayer 276
Covenantal Texts 278
Wisdom and Philosophical Literature 279
Demonic Influence and the Periodization of Evil 279
Identity 280
The Law versus Sin 281
Gentiles and Sin 282
The Treatise of the Two Spirits and Views of Sin at Qumran 282
Adam and “Original Sin” 282
Implications for Post-Second Temple Thought 283
Bibliography 285
Modern Authors Index 308
Source Index 312
Subject Index 330