Biblical Quotations and Allusions in Second Temple Jewish Literature (eBook)

Dr. theol. Armin Lange ist Professor für das Judentum des zweiten Tempels und Vorstand des Instituts für Judaistik der Universität Wien. In seinen Lehrveranstaltungen bestreitet er die Zeit von den Anfängen Israels und Judas bis zum zweiten jüdischen Krieg. In seiner Forschung spezialisiert er sich auf die weisheitliche und prophetische Literatur Israels, die Textfunde vom Toten Meer sowie die Text- und Kanongeschichte der Hebräischen Bibel. Er ist Mitglied des internationalen Herausgeberteams der Textfunde vom Toten Meer.Dr. theol. Armin Lange ist Professor für das Judentum des zweiten Tempels und Vorstand des Instituts für Judaistik der Universität Wien. In seinen Lehrveranstaltungen bestreitet er die Zeit von den Anfängen Israels und Judas bis zum zweiten jüdischen Krieg. In seiner Forschung spezialisiert er sich auf die weisheitliche und prophetische Literatur Israels, die Textfunde vom Toten Meer sowie die Text- und Kanongeschichte der Hebräischen Bibel. Er ist Mitglied des internationalen Herausgeberteams der Textfunde vom Toten Meer.

Title Page 3
Copyright 4
Table of Contents 5
Body 13
Preface 13
Introduction 15
Abbreviations 49
Part 1:Biblical Quotations and Allusions in theSequence of the Hebrew Bible 51
Torah 53
Genesis 53
Exodus 66
Leviticus 80
Numbers 88
Deuteronomy 96
Nevi’im 113
Joshua 113
Judges 114
1–2 Samuel 115
1–2 Kings 120
Isaiah 126
Jeremiah 141
Ezekiel 147
Hosea 152
Joel 153
Amos 154
Obadiah 155
Jonah 155
Micah 156
Nahum 157
Habakkuk 157
Zephaniah 158
Haggai 158
Zechariah 159
Malachi 160
Ketuvim 163
Psalms 163
Job 178
Proverbs 181
Ruth 184
Song of Songs 184
Qoheleth 184
Lamentations 185
Esther 186
Daniel 186
Ezra 189
Nehemiah 190
1–2 Chronicles 191
Part 2: Biblical Quotations and Allusions in the Sequence of the Quoting or Alluding Texts 197
1. Hebrew Bible 199
Joel 199
Jonah 200
Haggai 200
Zechariah 200
Malachi 202
Psalms 202
Job 209
Proverbs 210
Prov 1:1–9:18 210
Prov 24:23–34 211
Prov 30:1–33 211
Ruth 211
Song of Songs 212
Qoheleth 212
Esther (with Additions) 212
Daniel (with Additions) 213
Ezra 215
Nehemiah 216
1–2 Chronicles 219
2. Jewish Texts That Are Neither Included in the Hebrew Bible Nor Found among the Dead Sea Scrolls 225
Apocalypse of Moses (Life of Adam and Eve) 225
Apocalypse of Zephaniah 225
Apocryphon of Ezekiel 225
Aristeas the Exegete 226
Aristobulus 226
Artapanus 227
Baruch 227
3 Baruch (Greek Apocalypse) 229
Cleodemus Malchus 229
Demetrius (the Chronographer) 229
Epistle of Jeremiah 230
1 Esdras 230
Eupolemus 231
Ezekiel the Tragedian 232
Joseph and Aseneth 233
Judith 233
Letter of Aristeas 235
Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum (Pseudo-Philo) 236
Lives of the Prophets 239
1 Maccabees 239
2 Maccabees 242
3 Maccabees 243
4 Maccabees 243
Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah 244
Prayer of Joseph 245
Prayer of Manasseh 245
Psalms of Solomon 246
Pseudo-Eupolemus 247
Pseudo-Hecataeus 247
Pseudo-Orpheus 248
Pseudo-Phocylides 248
Sibylline Oracles 249
Similitudes of Enoch (1 En. 37–71) 250
Testament of Abraham 251
Testament of Job 252
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 252
Testament of Reuben 252
Testament of Simeon 253
Testament of Levi 253
Testament of Judah 253
Testament of Issachar 254
Testament of Zebulun 254
Testament of Dan 254
Testament of Naphtali 254
Testament of Gad 255
Testament of Asher 255
Testament of Joseph 255
Testament of Benjamin 255
Theodotus, On the Jews 256
Wisdom of Solomon 256
3. Dead Sea Scrolls 259
Ages of Creation 259
4QAgesCreat A (4Q180) 259
4QAgesCreat B (4Q181) 259
Apocryphal Lamentations 259
4QapocrLam A (4Q179) 259
4QapocrLam B (4Q501) 259
Apocryphal Pentateuch 260
4QapocrPent. A (4Q368) 260
4QapocrPent. B (4Q377) 260
Apocryphon of Jeremiah C (4Q385a 4Q387 4Q387a 4Q388a 4Q389–390)261
Apocryphon of Joshua (4Q378–379 4Q522 5Q9 Mas1l)261
Apocryphon of Moses (1Q22 1Q29 4Q375–376 4Q408 4Q588) .262
Aramaic Levi Document (1Q21 4Q213 4Q213a–b 4Q214 4Q214a–b)263
Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438) 265
Berakhot (4Q286–290) 266
Book of Giants (1Q23–24 2Q26 4Q203 4Q206 2–3 4Q530–533 6Q8)266
Book of Mysteries (1Q27 4Q299–301)267
Commentary on Genesis 267
4QCommGen A (4Q252) 267
4QCommGen C (4Q254) 267
Community Rule (1QS 1Q29a 4Q255–264 5Q11)267
Damascus Document (4Q266–273 5Q12 6Q15)269
Enochic Literature 276
Book of Watchers (1 En. 1–36) 276
Astronomical Book of Enoch (1 En. 72–82) 277
Book of Dreams (1 En. 83–91) 277
Letter of Enoch (1 En. 92–108) 278
Festival Prayers (1Q34 + 34bis 4Q505 4Q507–509)280
Halakha 280
4QHalakha A (4Q251) 280
4QHalakha B (4Q264a) + 4QWays of Righteousnessa–b (4Q420–421) 281
Hodayot (1QHa 1Q35 4Q427–432)281
Hodayot-like Text 291
4QpapHodayot-like Text B (4Q433a) 291
4QHodayot-like Text C (4Q440) 291
4QHodayot-like Text D (4Q440a) 291
Instruction (1Q26 4Q415–418 4Q418a 4Q418c 4Q423)291
Instruction-like Composition 292
4QInstruction-like Composition A (4Q419) 292
4QInstruction-like Composition B (4Q424) 292
Jubilees (1Q17–18 2Q19–20 3Q5 4Q176a 4Q216–224 11Q12 + XQ5a Mas1j)293
Lament by a Leader (4Q439) + 4QNarrative I (4Q469) 297
Midrash on Eschatology (4Q174 4Q177–178 4Q182–183)297
Miqsat Ma‘aseh ha-Torah (4Q313 4Q394–399)298
Narrative 299
4QNarrative B (4Q461) 299
4QNarrative C (4Q462) 300
4QNarrative D (4Q463) 300
Narrative and Poetic Composition (2Q22 4Q371–373 4Q373a)300
New Jerusalem (1Q32 2Q24 4Q554–555 4Q554a 5Q15 11Q18)301
Non-Canonical Psalms 301
4QNon-Canonical Psalms A (4Q380) 301
4QNon-Canonical Psalms B (4Q381) 301
Ordinances (4Q159 4Q513–514)302
Pesharim on Isaiah (3Q4 4Q161–165 4Q515)302
3QpIsa (3Q4) 302
4QpIsaa (4Q161) 303
4QpIsab (4Q162) 303
4Qpap pIsac (4Q163) 303
Pesher Hosea (4Q166–167) 303
Pesher Psalms (1Q16 4Q171 4Q173)303
Prophecy 303
4QProphecyb ar (4Q556a) 303
4QProphecye ar (4Q583) 304
Psalms, Non-Canonical Segments (4Q88 11Q5–6)304
Pseudo-Daniel (4Q243–244) 305
Pseudo-Ezekiel (4Q385–386 4Q385b–c 4Q388 4Q391)305
Ritual of Purification (4Q414 4Q512)305
Rule of the Congregation (1Q28a 4Q249a–i)305
Shirot (4Q510–511) 306
Sirach (2Q18 11Q5 XXI 11–XXII 1 Mas1h)306
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407 11Q17 Mas1k)316
Temple Scroll (4Q524 11Q19–21)317
Tobit (4Q196–200) 318
Tohorot 320
4QTohorot A (4Q274) 320
4QTohorot Ba–b (4Q276–277) 320
Visions of Amram (4Q543–549) 321
War Rule (1Q33 4Q285 4Q471 4Q491–497 11Q14)321
Words of the Luminaries (4Q504 4Q506)327
Works of God (4Q392) + 4QCommunal Confession (4Q393) 329
1QpHab 330
1QapGen ar (1Q20) 330
1QApocr. Prophecy (1Q25) 331
1QSb (1Q28b) 331
1QHymnic Composition? (1Q38) 332
2QapocrMoses? (2Q21) 332
4QBibPar (4Q158) 332
4QpNah (4Q169) 332
4QTest (4Q175) 332
4QTanh(4Q176) 332
4QWiles of the Wicked Woman (4Q184) 333
4QSapiential Work (4Q185) 333
4QTNaph (4Q215) 333
4QWords of Judgement (4Q238) 333
4QapocrDan ar (4Q246) 334
4QHistorical Text A (4Q248) 334
4Qpap cryptA Levh? (4Q249j) 334
4QMiscellaneous Rules (4Q265) 334
4QCommunal Ceremony (4Q275) 334
4QCurses (4Q280) 334
4QUnidentified Fragments A (4Q281) 335
4QPurification Liturgy (4Q284) 335
4QWork Containing Prayers B (4Q292) 335
4QMeditation on Creation A (4Q303) 335
4QMen of People Who Err (4Q306) 335
4QAdmonFlood (4Q370) 335
4QExod/Conq. Trad. (4Q374) 335
4Qpap paraKings et al. (4Q382) 336
4QLiturgical Work A (4Q409) 336
4QComp. conc. Div. Provid. (4Q413) 336
4QText with Quotation from Psalm 107? (4Q418b) 336
4QParaphrase of Gen and Exod (4Q422) 336
4QSapiential-Hymnic Work A (4Q426) 337
4QIncantation (4Q444) 337
4QPrayer E? (4Q454) 337
4QNarrative Work and Prayer (4Q460) 337
4QExposition on the Patriarchs (4Q464) 337
4QFragment Mentioning Qoh 1:8–9 (4Q468l) 337
4QText Mentioning Zedekiah (4Q470) 337
4QPolemical Text (4Q471a) 338
4QpapPrQuot (4Q503) 338
4QMessianic Apocalypse (4Q521) 338
4QBeatitudes (4Q525) 338
4QHymnic or Sapiential Work B (4Q528) 339
4QTJacob? ar (4Q537) 339
4QTQahat ar (4Q542) 339
4QJews at the Persian Court ar (4Q550) 339
4QAccount ar (4Q551) 339
4QpapVisionb ar (4Q558) 339
4QpapBibChronology ar (4Q559) 339
4QUnid. Text A ar (4Q562) 340
11QtgJob (11Q10) 340
11QapocrPs (11Q11) 340
11QMelch (11Q13) 340
XHev/SeEschatological Hymn (XHev/Se 6) 341
Appendices 343
1. Uncertain Quotations and Allusions 345
2. Texts That Do not Contain any Certain Quotations or Allusions to the Books of the Hebrew Bible 379

3. The Identification of Intertextual References in Ancient Jewish Literature (S. 29-30)

The referentiality of explicit quotations and the morphological identity of implicit quotations with their anterior texts make the identification of explicit and implicit quotations relatively objective and verifiable. Explicit quotations are especially easy to recognize because they are always introduced with a quotation formula. Implicit quotations are not difficult to identify either due to their morphological identity of anterior and posterior text. An example of how we identified implicit quotations is the implicit quotation of Jer 32(39):19 in 1QHa VIII 26 described above (see pp. 28–29).

Both the claim of morphological identity and of morphological difference is of course complicated by the possibility of variant readings among the various textual witnesses of the Jewish scriptures and even more so by the possibility of a non-aligned textual variant in the anterior text, which is not preserved in any other textual witness to the Hebrew Bible.40 The problem is illustrated by the small messianic anthology preserved in 4Q175, the socalled 4QTestimonia. In lines 1–8, 4QTestimonia quotes Exod 21:21b according to its pre-Samaritan text type.

Then in lines 9–13, for Num 24:15– 17, this collection of messianic references uses a proto-Masoretic text. This proto-Masoretic quotation is followed by a quote from Deut 33:8–11 according a non-aligned text type also attested by 4QDeuth (4Q35).41 Finally, at its end, in lines 21–30, 4QTestimonia quotes the Apocryphon of Joshua (cf. 4Q175 21–30 par. 4Q379 22 ii 7–15), which in Genette’s terminology could be described as a hypertext on the biblical book of Joshua that never became part of any canonical collection.

An example for an implicit quotation which draws on a non-aligned anterior text can be found in 11QPsa (11Q5) XXVI 13–14 and its use of Jer 10:12 according to a non-aligned Jeremiah text.43 Different from explicit and implicit quotations, the identification of explicit and even more so implicit allusion is especially difficult. As stated above, the parameter of three parallel words is at best a guideline that always needs to be adjusted to the necessities of the analyzed text. Often linguistic observations and other criteria need to be taken into consideration as well in order to identify an explicit or an implicit allusion. The examples below provide an impression of how we proceeded in the Vienna research project and on which approach to the problem the present lists are based.