Knowledge Annotation: Making Implicit Knowledge Explicit (eBook)
XX, 144 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-642-20323-7 (ISBN)
Did you ever read something on a book, felt the need to comment, took up a pencil and scribbled something on the books' text'? If you did, you just annotated a book. But that process has now become something fundamental and revolutionary in these days of computing. Annotation is all about adding further information to text, pictures, movies and even to physical objects. In practice, anything which can be identified either virtually or physically can be annotated.
In this book, we will delve into what makes annotations, and analyse their significance for the future evolutions of the web. We will explain why it was thought to be unreasonable to annotate documents manually and how Web 2.0 is making us rethink our beliefs. We will have a look at tools which make use of Artificial Intelligence techniques to support people in the annotation task. Behind these tools, there exists an important property of the web known as redundancy; we will explain what it is and show how it can be exploited. Finally we will gaze into the crystal ball and see what we might expect to see in the future.
Until people understand what the web is all about and its grounding in annotation, people cannot start appreciating it. And until they do so, they cannot start creating the web of the future.
Preface 7
Contents 9
Part I AWorld of Annotations 16
Introducing Annotation 18
Physical Annotations 19
Digital Annotations 20
Annotations Helping the Users 23
Modifying and Distributing Annotations 26
Annotations and Web 2.0 27
Annotations beyond the Web 1
Conclusion 32
Annotation for the SemanticWeb 33
The Rise of the Agents 34
Ontologies Make the World Go Round 35
Gluing Everything Together 37
Conclusion 37
Annotating Different Media 39
Different Flavours of Annotations 39
Graphics 40
Images 41
Audio 43
Video 44
Open Issues with Multimedia Annotations 46
Conclusion 46
Part II Leaving a Mark ... 47
Manual Annotation 49
The Tools 49
Issues with Manual Annotations 54
Conclusion 56
Annotation Using Human Computation 57
CAPTCHA 58
Entertaining Annotations 59
ESP 59
Peekaboom 60
KisKisBan 61
PicChanster 61
GWAP 62
Social Annotations 63
Digg 64
Delicious 64
Facebook 65
Flickr 66
Diigo 68
MyExperiment 69
Twitter 70
YouTube 71
Conclusion 72
Semi-automated Annotation 73
Information Extraction to the Rescue 73
The Alembic Workbench 74
The Gate Annotation Tool 75
MnM 75
S-CREAM 76
Melita 77
LabelMe 78
Annotation Complexity 79
Conclusion 83
Fully-automated Annotation 84
DIPRE 85
Extracting Using ML 85
Armadillo 86
PANKOW 88
Kim 89
P-Tag 89
Conclusion 90
Part III Peeking at the Future 91
Exploiting the Redundancy of theWeb 93
Quality of Information 94
Quantity of Information 95
The Temporal Property of Information 96
Testing for Redundancy 96
Issues When Extracting Redundant Data 97
Conclusion 99
The Future of Annotations 100
Exploiting the Redundancy of the Web 102
Using the Cloud 103
The Semantic Annotation Engine 104
The Semantic Web Proxy 105
Conclusion 106
Appendix A Wikipedia Data 107
References 130
Glossary 143
Index 146
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 6.4.2011 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Intelligent Systems Reference Library |
| Zusatzinfo | XX, 144 p. |
| Verlagsort | Berlin |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Informatik ► Theorie / Studium ► Künstliche Intelligenz / Robotik |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | Annotation • Computational Intelligence • Redundancy • semantic web |
| ISBN-10 | 3-642-20323-X / 364220323X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-642-20323-7 / 9783642203237 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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