Ontology Management (eBook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 7
FOREWORD 9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12
LIST OF REVIEWERS 13
LIST OF AUTHORS 14
Chapter 1 ONTOLOGIES: STATE OF THE ART, BUSINESS POTENTIAL, AND GRAND CHALLENGES 18
1. ONTOLOGIES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 18
1.1 Different notions of the term ontology 19
1.2 Ontologies vs. knowledge bases, XML schemas, and knowledge organization systems 21
1.3 Six characteristic variables of an ontology project 23
2. SIX EFFECTS OF ONTOLOGIES 25
2.1 Using philosophical notions as guidance for identifying stable and reusable conceptual elements 27
2.2 Unique identifiers for conceptual elements 27
2.3 Excluding unwanted interpretations by means of informal semantics 28
2.4 Excluding unwanted interpretations by means of formal semantics 29
2.5 Inferring implicit facts automatically 30
2.6 Spotting logical inconsistencies 31
3. GRAND CHALLENGES OF ONTOLOGY CONSTRUCTION AND USE 31
3.1 Interaction with human minds 31
3.2 Integration with existing knowledge organization systems 32
3.3 Managing dynamic networks of formal meaning 32
3.4 Scalable infrastructure 33
3.5 Economic and legal constraints 34
3.6 Experience 34
4. CONCLUSION 34
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35
REFERENCES 35
Chapter 2 ENGINEERING AND CUSTOMIZING ONTOLOGIES 39
The Human-Computer Challenge in Ontology Engineering 39
1. INTRODUCTION 39
1.1 Terms frequently used in HCI 41
1.2 About ontological engineering 43
2. USERS IN ONTOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 44
2.1 Motivation and background 44
2.2 Overview of the observational user study 46
2.3 Findings from the user study 48
2.4 Lessons learned from the user study 52
3. USER INTERACTION WITH ONTOLOGIES 54
4. USERS AND ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING 57
4.1 User profiling 58
4.2 Navigating in complex conceptual structures 59
4.3 Customizing ontologies 65
4.4 Illustrative scenario— putting it all together 66
5. CONCLUSIONS 69
ADDITIONAL READING 69
REFERENCES 70
Chapter 3 ONTOLOGY MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURES 72
1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION 72
2. STATE OF THE ART 74
2.1 Ontology infrastructures 74
2.2 Ontology development tools 76
2.3 Summary and remarks 86
3. REQUIREMENTS FOR ONTOLOGY MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURES 89
3.1 Support for important ontology language paradigms 89
3.2 Support for networked ontologies 89
3.3 Lifecycle support 90
3.4 Collaboration support 91
4. NEON REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE 92
4.1 Eclipse as an integration platform 93
4.2 Infrastructure services 94
4.3 Engineering components 96
4.4 GUI components 97
5. CONCLUSIONS 98
ADDITIONAL READING 98
REFERENCES 99
Chapter 4 ONTOLOGY REASONING WITH LARGE DATA REPOSITORIES 101
1. INTRODUCTION 102
2. ONTOLOGY STORAGE AND REASONING: AN OVERVIEW 103
3. REASONING WITH WSML-DL 116
3.1 Reasoning with description logics 117
3.2 WSML-DL 118
3.3 Translation of WSML-DL to OWL DL 119
4. SEMANTIC BUSINESS PROCESS REPOSITORY 126
4.1 Requirements analysis 126
4.2 Comparison of storage mechanisms 127
4.3 Proposed solution 133
5. CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 134
ADDITIONAL READING 135
REFERENCES 136
Chapter 5 ONTOLOGY EVOLUTION 142
State of the Art and Future Directions 142
1. INTRODUCTION 143
2. THE DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING 145
2.1 Ontology engineering processes 145
2.2 Context dependencies 149
3. SINGLE ONTOLOGY EVOLUTION 151
3.1 Data schema evolution 151
3.2 Single user change process model 152
3.3 Versioning 161
4. COLLABORATIVE ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING 163
4.1 Collaborative change process model 164
4.2 Socio-technical requirements 166
4.3 Context dependency management 169
4.4 Argumentation and negotiation 171
4.5 Integration 172
5. CHALLENGES 174
5.1 Conflict management 174
5.2 Towards community-driven ontology evolution 175
6. SOFTWARE AND TOOLS 178
6.1 Protégé tool suite 178
6.2 KAON 179
6.3 WSMO Studio 179
6.4 DOGMA Studio 180
ADDITIONAL READING 181
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 181
REFERENCES 181
Chapter 6 ONTOLOGY ALIGNMENTS 188
An Ontology Management Perspective 188
1. RELATING ONTOLOGIES: FROM ONTOLOGY ISLANDS TO CONTINENT 188
2. ONTOLOGY MATCHING AND ALIGNMENTS 189
2.1 Alignments for expressing relations 189
2.2 Applications 191
2.3 Matching ontologies 193
3. TOWARDS ALIGNMENT MANAGEMENT 196
3.1 Why supporting alignments? 196
3.2 The alignment lifecycle 197
3.3 Requirements for alignment support 199
3.4 Example scenario: data mediation for Semantic Web services 200
4. DESIGN TIME ALIGNMENT SUPPORT 202
4.1 Requirements 202
4.2 Example design- time tool: Web Service Modeling Toolkit 203
5. ONTOLOGY ALIGNMENT MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE 206
5.1 Alignment server for storing 206
5.2 Sharing alignments 207
5.3 Evolving and maintaining ontology alignments 208
6. ALIGNMENT PROCESSING 208
6.1 Query rewriting and instance transformation 209
6.2 Merging 210
6.3 Semantic data mediation 211
7. SOFTWARE AND TOOLS 212
8. CONCLUSIONS 214
ADDITIONAL READING 215
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 215
REFERENCES 215
Chapter 7 THE BUSINESS VIEW: ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING COSTS 218
1. INTRODUCTION 218
2. COST ESTIMATION FOR ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING 220
3. THE ONTOLOGY COST MODEL ONTOCOM 225
4. SOFTWARE AND TOOLS 232
5. STATE OF THE ART AND RELATED WORK 234
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 234
REFERENCES 235
Chapter 8 ONTOLOGY MANAGEMENT IN E-BANKING APPLICATIONS 238
Integrating Third-Party Applications within an e-Banking Infrastructure 238
1. INTRODUCTION 238
2. SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES FOR E-BANKING 240
3. REUSING EXISTING CONSENSUS 242
4. EDITING AND BROWSING 245
5. CONCLUSIONS 252
REFERENCES 253
Chapter 9 ONTOLOGY-BASED KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING SCENARIOS 254
1. INTRODUCTION 254
2. CASE STUDY: CONFIGURATION OF TEST CARS 255
3. ONTOLOGY MODELING 258
3.1 Concepts, relations, attributes, instances 258
3.2 Rules 260
3.3 Explanations 261
4. REASONING FOR ENGINEERING 262
4.1 Logical foundations 263
4.2 Debugging rules 264
4.3 Analyzing ontologies 265
4.4 Regression tests 266
5. INFORMATION INTEGRATION 267
5.1 Information sources for ontology contents 268
5.2 Database schema import 268
5.3 Database mappings 269
6. CONCLUSION 271
REFERENCES 272
Chapter 10 ONTOLOGISING COMPETENCIES IN AN INTERORGANISATIONAL SETTING 274
1. INTRODUCTION 274
1.1 Competencies as tacit knowledge 275
1.2 A real world case study: the Dutch bakery domain 276
2. INTERORGANISATIONAL ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING 277
2.1 DOGMA 277
2.2 DOGMA- MESS 278
3. EXPERIENCES 282
3.1 Editing and browsing 282
3.2 Reusing existing consensus 287
3.3 Ontology evolution 290
3.4 Tool support 292
3.5 Storage and retrieval 294
4. CONCLUSION 295
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 296
REFERENCES 296
ABOUT THE EDITORS 298
INDEX 300