Handbook of Clinical Rating Scales and Assessment in Psychiatry and Mental Health (eBook)

Preface 5
References 9
Contents 10
Contributors 12
Table of All Rating Scales Contained in This Handbook 15
1 Understanding Rating Scales and Assessment Instruments 18
Types of Rating Scales Presented in This Handbook 19
Basic Statistical Concepts 9
Reliability 20
Internal Consistency 21
Test--Retest Reliability 21
Inter-rater Reliability 21
Validity 21
Content Validity 22
Criterion Validity 22
Construct Validity 22
Diagnostic Accuracy 22
Sensitivity and Specificity 22
Sensitivity to Treatment-Induced Change 23
Summary 23
2 Rating Scales for Depression 24
Gold Standard Rating Scales 24
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D or HRSD) 25
Application of Scale 25
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 27
Reliability and Validity 27
Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 28
Scoring Key 28
Reliability 29
Validity 29
Other Scales Available for Rating Depression 29
Montgomery--Asberg Depression Rating Scale 29
Reliability 30
Zung Self-Report Depression Scale 30
Scoring Key 31
Cut-Off Scores 31
Validity 31
Other Issues in Assessing Depression 31
Ability of Depression Rating Scales to Detect Clinical Changes with Treatment 31
Minimizing Biases in the Assessment of Depression Symptom Domains 32
Ability of Depression Rating Scales to Measure Symptoms Across Depressive Subtypes 32
Self- Versus Clinician-Administered Depression Rating Scales 32
Assessing Depression Across Age Groups 34
Assessing Depression Across Different Cultures 35
Assessing Depression Across Different Educational and Comprehension Levels 36
Assessing Depression with Psychiatric Comorbidities 36
Assessing Depression with Medical Comorbidities 36
References 37
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) 42
Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale 45
QIDS-SR16 47
Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale 50
Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Scoring Key 52
3 Rating Scales for Anxiety Disorders 53
General Measure of Anxiety 55
Gold Standard Scale: Beck Anxiety Inventory 55
Application of Scale 55
Scoring Key 55
Cut-Off Scores 55
Reliability and Validity 55
Source and Alternative Forms 56
Gold Standard Scale: The Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) 56
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia 56
Gold Standard Measure: Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) 57
Application of Scale 57
Scoring Key 57
Cut-Off Scores 57
Reliability and Validity 57
Source and Alternative Forms 58
Other Empirically Driven Scales for PD and PDA 58
The Anxiety Sensitivity Index 58
Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ) and the Body Sensation Questionnaire (BSQ) 58
Social Anxiety Disorder 58
Gold Standard Measure: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) 59
Application of Scale 59
Scoring Key 59
Cut-Off Scores 59
Reliability and Validity 60
Source and Alternative Forms 60
Other Empirically Based Scales for SAD 60
The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) 60
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 61
Gold Standard Measure: The Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) 61
Application of Scale 61
Scoring Key 61
Cut-Off Scores 62
Reliability and Validity 62
Source and Alternative Forms 62
Other Empirically Driven Scales for GAD 62
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 62
Gold Standard Measure: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) 63
Application of Scale 63
Scoring Key 63
Cut-Off Scores 64
Reliability and Validity 64
Source and Alternative Forms 64
Other Empirically Driven Scales for OCD 64
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 64
Gold Standard: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale 65
Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT) 65
Application of Scale 65
Scoring Key 66
Cut-Off Score 66
Reliability and Validity 66
Source and Alternative Forms 66
Other Empirically Driven Scales for PTSD 66
References 66
Panic Disorder Severity Scale 72
Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale 76
Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) 78
Y-BOCS Symptom Checklist 78
Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) 83
YBOCS Detailed Scoring Instructions 86
Short PTSD Rating Scale 88
4 Rating Scales for Bipolar Disorder 89
Assessment of Depressive Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder 90
Gold Standard Scale: The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 31-Item Version (HDRS-31) 90
Other Scales Available 90
The Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale 90
The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 91
Assessment of Manic or Mixed symptoms in Bipolar Disorder 91
Gold Standard Rating Scale: The Young Mania Rating Scale 91
Assessment of Psychosis in Bipolar Disorder 92
Integrated Symptom Assessment in Bipolar Disorder 92
References 93
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 31-Item Version (HDRS-31) 94
Young Mania Rating Scale 98
Internal State Scale (ISS) 100
Clinical Monitoring Form 101
Clinical Self-Report Form 102
5 Rating Scales for Alcohol and Nicotine Addictions 103
Alcohol-Related Problems 104
Screening for Alcohol Misuse 107
Gold Standard Rating Scale: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) 107
Scoring 107
Other Measures 108
Assessing Frequency and Quantity of Alcohol Use 109
Assessing Severity of Dependence 109
Gold Standard Scale: The Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ) 109
Scoring 110
Other Measures 110
Assessing Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms 110
Gold Standard Scale: The Revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA-Ar) 110
Scoring 111
Other Measures 111
Assessing Alcohol-Related Consequences 112
Gold Standard Scales: The Short Index of Problems (SIP) 112
Scoring 112
Other Measures 113
Assessing Relapse Risk 113
Gold Standard Scale: Assessment of Warning Signs of Relapse scale (AWARE [ 32 ]) 113
Scoring 114
Nicotine-Related Problems 115
Assessing Nicotine Use 118
Smoking History Information 118
Assessing Smoking Status and Outcomes 118
Assessing of Nicotine Craving, Withdrawal, and Dependence 119
Nicotine Craving 119
Nicotine Withdrawal 119
Nicotine Dependence 120
References 121
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Interview Version 124
Assessment of the Frequency and Quantity of Alcohol Use in the Past 30 Days 126
Short Index of Problems 130
Tiffany QSU-Brief 137
Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale 138
6 Screening for Personality Disorders in Psychiatric Settings:Four Recently Developed Screening Measures 140
Why Screen for Personality Disorders? 141
Four Recently Developed Screening Instruments 142
Standardised Assessment of Personality -- Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS) 142
Iowa Personality Disorder Screen (IPDS) 144
Inventory of Interpersonal Problems -- Personality Disorders -- 25 (IIP-PD-25) 145
Five Factor Model Rating Form (FFMRF) 147
Diagnosing Personality Disorders 150
Conclusion 151
References 152
7 Clinical Ratings Scales and Assessment in Eating Disorders 160
Prevalence Estimates 161
Clinical Assessment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa 162
Semi-Structured Interviews 163
The Structured Clinical Interview for Psychiatric Diagnosis (SCID) 163
The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) 164
Self-Report Assessments 165
Dietary Records 165
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) 165
Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA), the Eating Disorders Quality of Life (EDQOL), and the Quality of Life for Eating Disorders (QOL ED) 167
Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) 167
Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) 168
Eating Attitudes Test 168
The Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R) 169
The SCOFF 169
Assessment of Binge-Eating Disorder 170
Assessment of Body Image 173
The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) 175
The Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) 175
Assessment of Children and Adolescents 176
The Eating Disorder Examination -- Child (EDE-Ch) 177
The Children's Eating Attitudes Test (Ch-EAT) 177
The Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP-A) 177
Kid's Eating Disorders Survey (KEDS) 178
Eating Disorder Inventory -- Child (EDI-C) 178
Conclusion 178
References 179
Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) 186
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) 187
Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) 189
8 The Use of Rating Scales to Measure Outcomes in Child Psychiatry and Mental Health 190
Focus of This Review 192
Sixteen Dimensions of Rating Scales 195
Focus on Child vs. Adult Patients -- Two Different Worlds 196
Individual Patient vs. Other Focus 196
Clinical Assessment vs. Other Types of Scales 197
Broad- vs. Narrow-Band of Symptoms 197
Outpatient vs. Inpatient or Other Level of Care 197
Single Total Score vs. Multiple Subscales 198
Who Completes the Scale 198
Standalone or Part of a Larger System 198
Time Needed to Complete Ratings 199
Validated for Longitudinal Use 199
Hand vs. Computer Scored 200
Free vs. Pay for Use 200
Has a Website 200
Requires Specialized Degree and/or Training 201
Available in Spanish or Other Languages Other than English 201
Quality of Validation 201
Conclusions 203
References 203
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children 207
9 Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 210
Suggested Rating Scales for ADHD 211
Current Symptoms Scale (CSS) The CSS is protected by copyright and therefore is not reproduced here. It is available in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinical Workbook03rd Edition (Barkley and Murphy, 2006). The workbook also includes self-report scales assessing childhood symptoms retrospectively. Other-report forms for both current and past symptoms can be used to collect collateral information for assessment and treatment tracking. Normative data tables are also provided 211
Adult ADHD Self-report Scale (ASRS) 213
Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales 217
Conclusions 218
References 219
10 Rating Scales in Schizophrenia 224
Assessment of General Symptoms in Schizophrenia 225
Gold Standard Scale: The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 225
Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring 225
Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity) 226
Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change 226
Scales to Assess Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia 226
Gold Standard Scale: The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) 226
Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring 226
Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change 227
Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity) 227
Scales to Assess Social Functioning and Quality of Life in Schizophrenia 228
Gold Standard Scale: The Quality of Life Scale (QLS) 228
Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring 228
Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change 229
Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity) 229
Scales to Assess Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia 230
Gold Standard Scale: The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) 230
Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring 230
Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity) 230
Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change 231
Scales to Assess Antipsychotic Medication Attitudes and Compliance in Schizophrenia 231
Gold Standard Scale: Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI) 231
Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring 231
Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change 232
Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity) 232
Scales to Assess Medication Side Effects in Schizophrenia 233
Gold Standard Scale: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) 233
Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring 233
Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity) 233
Interpreting Results, Cut-Off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change 233
Other Useful Scales for Patients with Schizophrenia 234
References 234
Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) 237
Quality of Life Scale 240
Scoring of Quality of Life Scale 251
11 Brief Rating Scales for the Assessment of Cognitive*-2pt and Neuropsychological Status 254
Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) 255
Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS) 256
Supplemental Tests 258
Clock Drawing Test (CDT) 259
Trail Making Test (TMT) 260
Clinical Application 261
Beyond Screening Instruments: Med-range Neuro-cognitive Assessment Tools 261
Summary 262
References 262
12 Rating Scales in Psychotherapy Practice 272
Therapy Process and Outcome: What Do We Know? 273
The Case for Rating Scales in Psychotherapy 274
Scale Selection Considerations 275
Purpose of the Scales 275
Logistical Considerations 276
Examples of Brief Scales for Therapy Practice 276
Schwartz Outcome Scale-10 277
Outcome Rating Scale 278
Session Rating Scale 278
How to Use Rating Scales: From Intake to Termination 279
Summary 279
References 280
Schwartz Outcome Scale 10 Item Version (SOS-10) 282
13 Assessing the Ongoing Psychological Impact of Terrorism 286
Introduction 286
Anticipation of Future Terrorism 287
Unique Reactions to Terrorism 288
Gold Standard Scales 288
Empirical and Theoretical Bases of the TCS 288
A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of the Impact of Terrorism 289
Development and Psychometric Testing of the TCS 291
Application and Method/Timing of TCS Administration 291
Scoring the TCS Scales and Summary Measure 292
Interpretation 294
Validity and Reliability 296
Other Scales Available for This Disorder 297
The Utility of the TCS 297
Conclusion 297
References 298
The Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale (TCS) 300
14 The Comprehensive Psychological Assessment 301
Forms of Psychological Assessment 302
Rating Scales and Screening Tools Versus Psychological Assessment 303
Rating Scales and Screening Tools 303
Psychological Assessment 303
Rating Scales and Screening Tools Versus Psychological Assessment: Pros and Cons 304
Purposes of Psychological Assessment 305
Description of Psychopathology, Neuropathology, and Differential Diagnosis 305
Description and Prediction of Everyday Behavior 306
Inform Medical or Psychological Treatment 306
Monitoring of Treatment 307
Assessment as a Therapeutic Process 307
What Makes Psychological Assessment Therapeutic? 307
Empirical Support 308
Making a Referral: How to Ask a Good Referral Question 308
The Importance of Specificity 309
Suggestions for How to Be Specific 310
Why Now? 310
How Am I Feeling About the Patient? 310
Be Clear About How the Psychological Report Will Be Used 310
Note Any Specific Hypotheses About a Patient 311
Enlist the Input of Others When Constructing a Referral Question 311
Finding an Assessment Psychologist 311
Summary 312
References 312
15 The Role of Outcomes Assessment in Clinical Quality*-2pt Improvement 316
Pressures to Improve Quality of Care 316
Outcomes Are Only One Aspect of Quality Improvement 317
Challenges of Implementation 319
Conclusion 320
References 320
Index 321