INNER ASPECT 1
Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2
Preface 7
Contents 9
Introduction 13
1.1 Aspect and Syntax 14
1.1.1 Outer Aspect and Syntax 14
1.1.2 Inner Aspect and Syntax 15
1.2 Inner Aspect 16
1.2.1 Derived Objects 18
1.2.2 Aspectual Morphology 19
1.2.3 Computation of Aktionsart 21
1.3 Other Claims 23
1.3.1 Lexical and Functional Categories 23
1.3.2 The Role of the Lexicon 24
1.4 Some Consequences 26
1.4.1 The Structure of Achievements 26
1.5 Coercion 27
1.6 A Note on Methodology 28
Inner Derived Objects 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Background 30
2.3 Early Proposals 32
2.3.1 Mahajan (1990) 33
2.3.2 Johnson (1991) 34
2.3.3 Sportiche (1990/1998) 35
2.3.4 Koizumi (1993, 1995) 35
2.3.5 Chomsky (1993, 1995) 37
2.4 Two Object Positions 38
2.4.1 One Object: EITHER/OR 38
2.4.1.1 Chinese 40
2.4.1.2 Scots Gaelic 41
2.4.2 Two Objects: both 43
2.5 Objects within the VP 45
2.5.1 Chinese 46
2.5.2 Swedish 48
2.5.3 Nominative Third (N3) Languages 50
2.5.4 Movement Vs. Base-Generation 55
2.6 Conclusion 61
Inner Aspect and Event 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Arguing for Inner Aspect 62
3.2.1 Tagalog Reduplication 64
3.2.2 Mirror Principle Violations in Navajo 73
3.2.3 Agreement in Tagalog 82
3.2.4 Summary 85
3.3 Arguing for the Existence of Event 86
3.3.1 Characteristics 88
3.3.1.1 Tense-Related Characteristics 88
3.3.1.2 Reference-Related Characteristics 91
3.3.2 The Function of F 96
3.3.2.1 Previous Characterizations 97
3.3.3 F Binds Event ‘‘Theta-Role’’ 97
3.4 Partial A-Movement 99
3.5 Conclusion 102
Event Structure and Phrase Structure 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Preparing the Ground 104
4.2.1 Semantic Decomposition 104
4.2.2 Syntactic Articulation 107
4.2.2.1 VP-Internal Subjects 107
4.2.2.2 VP Shells 109
4.2.2.3 Lexical Semantics in Syntax 111
4.3 Semantics in the Syntax 112
4.3.1 Theta-Roles and the Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis (UTAH) 112
4.3.2 Predicates and LCS 113
4.4 The Syntax of Event Structure 113
4.4.1 The Precursor: Generative Semantics 114
4.4.2 Aspectual Predicate Classes 117
4.4.3 Event Structure Representation 120
4.4.4 Phrase Structure Representation 125
4.4.5 The Position of Aspect 131
4.4.6 The Power of Aspect 132
4.5 Language Variation 133
4.5.1 Japanese 134
4.5.2 Chinese 138
4.5.3 Tagalog and Malagasy 138
4.5.4 The Telicity Parameter 139
4.6 Conclusion 140
Interaction of Objects and Aspect 142
5.1 The Interaction of Case and Aspect 142
5.1.1 Objects and Viewpoint Aspect 142
5.1.2 Objects and Situation Aspect 144
5.2 The Position of Incremental Themes 152
5.2.1 German VP-Internal Objects 153
5.2.2 Turkish and Malagasy Objects 157
5.2.2.1 Turkish Objects 157
5.2.2.2 Malagasy Objects 161
5.2.2.3 Turkish Objects Revisited 164
5.3 Conclusion 164
L-Syntax and S-Syntax 166
6.1 Background 167
6.2 Causatives 169
6.2.1 English 169
6.2.2 Tagalog and Malagasy 171
6.3 Empty Anaphors in Tagalog 177
6.3.1 S-Syntax Anaphoric pro 177
6.3.2 L-Syntax Anaphoric pro 180
6.4 Where and What is L-syntax? 188
6.4.1 Syntax in the Lexicon 188
6.4.2 Lexical Entries in Syntax 190
6.4.3 Pag- as an Anti-EPP Morpheme 194
6.5 L-Syntax and the Lexicon 195
6.6 Summary 198
6.7 Discontinuous Lexical Items 202
6.7.1 Serial Verb Constructions 203
6.7.2 Inherent Complement Verbs 207
6.8 The Lexicon and Lexical Categories 210
6.8.1 Lexical Entries 210
6.8.2 M-Words 211
6.9 Conclusion 212
The Syntax of Achievements 214
7.1 Introduction 214
7.2 The Semantic Problem 215
7.2.1 Achievements as a Class 215
7.2.2 Achievements Not Linguistically Relevant 216
7.2.3 Achievements in Nontelic Languages 219
7.2.4 Achievements in Malagasy 222
7.3 The Shape of Achievements 228
7.3.1 The External Argument 229
7.3.2 ka- Deletion in Tagalog 235
7.3.3 Tense Realization in Malagasy 237
7.3.4 The Argument Structure of Cognition Verbs in Tagalog 239
7.3.5 Achievements as Pure Results 242
7.4 External Arguments and LCS 244
7.5 Conclusion 247
Bounds and Coercion 249
8.1 Introduction 249
8.2 Endpoints 249
8.2.1 Telicity in X 253
8.2.2 Telicity in V1 255
8.2.3 Telicity in Asp 258
8.2.4 Telicity in X and V1 261
8.2.5 An Aside: Different Types of Beginnings 265
8.3 Null Telic Morphemes and Lexical Entries 268
8.3.1 Zero Morphemes in X 269
8.3.2 Zero Morphemes in V1 270
8.3.3 Zero Morphemes in Asp 271
8.4 Coercion and Selection 272
8.5 Viewpoint vs. Situation Aspect 277
8.6 Conclusion 282
Conclusion 283
9.1 Introduction 283
9.2 Lexical vs. Functional 283
9.3 Lexical Entries and Idioms 285
9.4 Theta Roles and Aspectual Roles 288
9.4.1 Aspectual Theta-Roles in Double-Object Constructions 288
9.4.2 Aspectual Theta-Roles in Unaccusative Constructions 289
9.5 The Nature of Coercion 290
9.6 Further Questions 291
References 293
Author Index 307
Language Index 311
Subject Index 313