Open and Closed Innovation (eBook)

Dr. Philipp Herzog wrote his dissertation under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Jens Leker at the Institute of Business Administration, University of Muenster (Germany). He works as an entrepreneur in the US solar industry.

Foreword to the 1st edition 6
Preface to the 2nd edition 8
Preface to the 1st edition 8
Table of contents 11
Figures 14
Tables 15
Acronyms 17
1 Introduction 19
1.1 Research problem 19
1.2 Research questions and objective 23
1.3 Outline of the thesis 24
2 Innovation and the Open Innovation concept 27
2.1 Definitions and dimensions of innovation 27
2.1.1 Innovation 27
2.1.2 Innovation process 28
2.1.3 Innovation strategy 30
2.1.4 Technological and market dimension of innovation 32
2.2 Closed and Open Innovation – definitions and underlying rationales 37
2.2.1 Closed Innovation 37
2.2.2 Open Innovation 39
2.2.3 Reasons to follow an Open Innovation approach 41
2.3 Two aspects of Open Innovation – technology sourcing and technology commercialization 45
2.3.1 Technology sourcing 46
2.3.2 Technology commercialization 57
2.4 Organizational implementation of the Open Innovation concept 66
2.4.1 Ambidextrous organization and Open Innovation for solving the radical-incremental innovation dilemma 66
2.4.2 The example of Evonik’s Creavis Technologies & Innovation
3 Innovation culture 76
3.1 Corporate culture 76
3.1.1 Definition of corporate culture and overview of different research paradigms 76
3.1.2 Measuring corporate culture 81
3.1.3 Typologies of corporate culture 82
3.2 Innovation culture 85
3.2.1 Research streams related to innovation culture 86
3.2.2 Selected empirical studies on innovation culture and synopsis of major findings 89
3.3 Summary of the literature on Open Innovation and innovation culture 98
4 Conceptual framework and hypotheses 100
4.1 Resource-based approach to Open Innovation 100
4.1.1 Resource-based view and relevance of core competencies for Open Innovation 104
4.1.2 Resource-based view and the role of asymmetries for Open Innovation 106
4.1.3 Resource-based view and innovation culture for Open Innovation 108
4.2 Hypotheses development 111
4.2.1 Personal characteristics of employees 112
4.2.2 Motivation of employees 115
4.2.3 Attitudes towards external technology sourcing and external technology commercialization 117
4.2.4 Technological opportunism 127
4.2.5 Organizational risk taking 130
4.2.6 Freedom to express doubts 133
4.2.7 Management support 134
4.3 Synthesis and implications 138
5 Analysis and results 140
5.1 Research setting – the chemical industry 5.1.1 Overview of the chemical industry 140
5.1.2 General product classification – commodities and specialty chemicals 141
5.1.3 Innovation beyond molecules – Open Innovation in the chemical industry 144
5.2 Sample, data collection, and operationalization of measures 146
5.2.1 Sample and data collection 146
5.2.2 Principles of scale construction 150
5.2.3 Selection of variables 152
5.2.4 Reliability and validity of measures 155
5.2.5 Results of construct operationalization 160
5.3 Results of analysis 170
5.3.1 Method 171
5.3.2 Test of assumptions for AN(C)OVA 174
5.3.3 Hypotheses testing 178
6 Discussion of findings and implications for theory and practice 194
6.1 Discussion of findings and theoretical implications 6.1.1 Personal characteristics of employees 194
6.1.2 Motivation of employees 197
6.1.3 Not-invented-here syndrome 200
6.1.4 Not-sold-here syndrome 205
6.1.5 Technological opportunism 207
6.1.6 Organizational risk taking 211
6.1.7 Freedom to express doubts 212
6.1.8 Management support 214
6.1.9 Overall implications 215
6.2 Managerial implications 218
6.3 Limitations 221
7 Summary and conclusion 223
Appendices 228
Appendix 1: Descriptive statistics 229
Appendix 1: Descriptive statistics (continued) 230
Appendix 2: Local measurement criteria from the overall measurement model 234
Appendix 2: Local measurement criteria from the overall measurement model (continued) 235
Appendix 3: Fornell-Larcker criterion 239
Appendix 4: Shapiro-Wilk test (test of normal distribution) 240
Appendix 5: Levene test (test of homogeneity of variances) 241
Appendix 6: SPSS syntaxes for test of homogeneity of regression slopes/ planes SPSS syntax for test of homogeneity of regression 242
SPSS syntax for test of homogeneity of regression planes (two covariates): 242
Appendix 7: Test of homogeneity of regression slopes/ planes 243
References 244