Trends in Acarology (eBook)

CONTENTS 6
Preface 14
Acknowledgements 14
Plenary Opening Lecture 16
From sequence to phoresy – molecular biology in acarology 17
POPULATIONS AND SPECIES 17
Dispersal 17
Development of host races and species limits 17
Mite associates 18
HIGHER-ORDER SYSTEMATICS 18
Parthenogenesis 19
Feeding modes 19
Coloration in water mites 19
Host-parasite associations 19
GENOMICS 19
CONCLUSION 20
REFERENCES 20
Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Acari 23
Systematic relationships of Lohmanniidae (Acari: Oribatida) 24
MATERIALS AND METHODS 25
Are Lohmanniidae members of Enarthronota? 26
Arborichthoniidae as an outgroup of Hypochthonioidea 26
Are Lohmanniidae members of Hypochthonioidea (clade I)? 26
Are Lohmanniidae members of Hypochthoniidae (clade III)? 27
Are Lohmanniidae and Nothrolohmanniinae sister-groups (clade V)? 28
Characters states incongruent with Figure 2 29
Conclusions 29
REFERENCES 30
Anomalies of notogastral structures in poronotic oribatid mites (Oribatida: Poronota) interpreted as cryptic ancestral characters modulated by regulatory genes 32
Abnormal patterns of notogastral setation and areae porosae in Phenopelopidae 32
Eupelops acromios 32
Eupelops occultus 33
Abnormal patterns of notogastral setation in Scheloribatidae 33
Abnormal appearance of a notogastral sacculus in Peloptulus 34
DISCUSSION 34
Sacculi or areae porosae in the octotaxic system of Poronota: A simple genetical switch? 35
A model of hierarchical control of gene expression: the example Scheloribates 35
A model of hierarchical control of gene expression: the example Phenopelopidae 36
Conclusions 36
REFERENCES 37
Phylogeny and host-parasite associations of feather mites of the Pteroherpus generic group (Astigmata: Pteronyssidae) 38
MATERIAL AND METHODS 38
Specimens 38
Phylogenetic analysis 38
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39
Phylogeny 39
Host associations 43
Acknowledgements 45
REFERENCES 45
Ontogeny of the famulus in selected members of Damaeidae (Acari: Oribatida) and its suitability as a phylogenetic marker 46
Notes on the nomenclature 47
MATERIAL AND METHODS 47
Species studied and collection of specimens 47
Laboratory cultures 47
Sample preparation and SEM-observation 47
RESULTS 47
DISCUSSION 48
Acknowledgements 51
REFERENCES 51
Food competition and feeding behavior and its implications for the phylogeny of the Histiostomatidae (Astigmata) 52
MATERIALS AND METHODS 52
RESULTS 52
Habitats 52
Mouthparts and feeding behavior 53
Walking during the feeding process 55
DISCUSSION 55
Acknowledgements 55
REFERENCES 55
Assessment of the usefulness of eight DNA fragments for phylogenetic studies within the family Phytoseiidae 56
MATERIAL AND METHODS 56
Markers used 56
Specimens studied 56
DNA extraction 56
DNA amplification and electrophoresis 56
DNA sequencing 57
Sequence alignment and distances 57
RESULTS 57
Nuclear fragments 57
DISCUSSION 59
REFERENCES 61
The genus Dermanyssus (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae): history and species characterization 63
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF DERMANYSSUS SPECIES 63
HOST SPECIFICITY 65
RELIABILITY OF DISCRIMINANT SPECIES-SPECIFIC CHARACTERS 65
Traditional systematics 65
Major characters: dorsal shield chaetotaxy and relative length of peritreme 65
Other characters 67
A new character 68
DISCUSSION 68
Acknowledgements 68
REFERENCES 68
Morphology of Acari 70
First ultrastructural observations on a putative sperm access system in veigaiid females (Veigaiidae, Gamasida) 71
MATERIALS AND METHODS 71
RESULTS 72
DISCUSSION 74
Acknowledgements 75
LITERATURE 75
Comparative ultrastructure of the integument in adult mites of the Parasitengona and its phylogenetic implication 77
MATERIALS AND METHODS 77
RESULTS 77
Soil mites 77
Trombiculidae 77
Microtrombidiidae 78
Water mites 78
Pionidae 78
DISCUSSION 79
Acknowledgements 79
REFERENCES 81
The water mite family Pontarachnidae, with new data on its peculiar morphological structures (Acari: Hydachnidia) 82
MATERIAL AND METHODS 82
SPECIES RICHNESS 82
PLACEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF WATER MITES 83
ECOLOGICAL AND LIFE CYCLE DATA 83
MORPHOLOGY AND FINE STRUCTURE 84
Cuticle 84
Wheel-like acetabula 85
Glandular systems 86
Digestive system 87
Excretory organ 88
Male genital system 88
DISCUSSION 89
Acknowledgements 89
REFERENCES 90
Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata) 91
MATERIALS AND METHODS 91
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 91
Acknowledgements 94
REFERENCES 94
‘Private matters’ of Sancassania berlesei (Acaridida, Acaridae): testes, receptaculum seminis, ovary and the location of sperm 95
MATERIAL AND METHODS 95
RESULTS 95
Receptaculum seminis 96
Sperm 96
Ovary 96
Testes 97
DISCUSSION 97
Acknowledgements 98
REFERENCES 98
Biogeography and Biodiversity of Acari 100
Heterozerconidae: A comparison between a temperate and atropical species 101
METHODS 101
Temperate study 101
Tropical study 102
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 102
Field collection data 102
Temperate developmental biology 102
Feeding 103
Reproductive biology 103
Millipede defensive secretions 103
Conclusion 104
Acknowledgments 104
REFERENCES 104
Patterns of diversity in the Ceratozetoidea (Acari: Oribatida): a North American assessment 105
METHODS 105
RESULTS 106
Nature of the fauna 106
Biogeographic distribution 106
DISCUSSION 111
Acknowledgments 112
REFERENCES 112
Mites occurring in the canopy of Sitka spruce growing in Ireland 113
MATERIALS AND METHODS 113
RESULTS 114
Tree canopy 114
Moss mats 115
DISCUSSION 116
Acknowledgements 116
REFERENCES 116
Changes of the oribatid community after a windthrow event 118
METHODS 118
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 118
General conclusion 122
Acknowledgements 122
REFERENCES 122
Effects of a windthrow event in the forest of the peninsula Darss on the gamasid fauna (Arachnida) and Collembola 123
MATERIALS AND METHODS 123
Sites 123
Sampling and processing of predatory mites and Collembola 123
Statistical analysis 123
RESULTS 124
DISCUSSION 126
Acknowledgement 127
LITERATURE 127
Succession of oribatid fauna (Acari, Oribatida) in fallen spruce trees: Deadwood promotes species and functional diversity 128
MATERIALS AND METHODS 128
Sampling site 128
RESULTS 129
DISCUSSION 131
REFERENCES 132
Effects of reforestation with conifers on the communities of mesostigmatic mites in northern Spain (Acari: Mesostigmata) 134
MATERIAL AND METHODS 134
Sampling sites 134
Sampling 134
Extraction 134
Data treatment and statistical analysis 134
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 135
Species composition and species density 135
Caparroso (Bardenas Reales) 135
Sansoain 135
Effects of reforestation with conifer trees 135
Acknowledgements 138
REFERENCES 138
Actinedid mite community diversity in a succession gradient in continental sand-dune habitats of central Europe 139
MATERIALS AND METHODS 139
RESULTS 140
DISCUSSION 142
Acknowledgements 143
REFERENCES 143
Appendix 145
Communities of Oribatida associated with litter input in western red cedar tree crowns: Are moss mats ‘magic carpets’ for oribatid mite dispersal? 147
MATERIALS AND METHODS 148
RESULTS 148
DISCUSSION 150
Acknowledgements 151
REFERENCES 151
Oribatid communities (Acari: Oribatida) associated with bird’s nest ferns (Asplenium nidus complex) in a subtropical Japanese forest – a mini-review 153
Study site 153
Distributional pattern of bird’s nest ferns 153
Factors of litter accumulation in bird’s nest ferns 154
Effect of bird’s nest fern structure on the structure of oribatid communities in the ferns 154
Effect of spatial distribution of bird’s nest ferns on the structure of oribatid communities in the ferns 155
Species diversity of oribatid mites in bird’s nest ferns 155
Species composition of oribatid faunas in bird’s nest ferns 156
Effect of the presence of bird’s nest ferns on the species richness of oribatid communities in the forest 156
Acknowledgements 156
REFERENCES 157
Mites of the families Anystidae and Teneriffiidae from Baja California Sur, Mexico 158
MATERIALS AND METHODS 158
Localities and abbreviations 158
RESULTS 158
ANYSTIDAE 159
Chaussieria capensis Meyer & Ryke
Diagnosis 160
Material examined 160
Tarsotomus Berlese 160
Diagnosis 160
Material examined 160
Erythracarus Berlese 160
Diagnosis 160
Material examined 160
Paratarsotomus Kuznetsov 160
Diagnosis 160
Material examined 160
New genus GN1 160
Diagnosis 160
Material examined 160
New genus GN2 160
Diagnosis 160
Material examined 160
TENERIFFIIDAE 160
Neoteneriffiola uta Tibbetts 160
Diagnosis 161
Comments 161
Material examined 161
DISCUSSION 161
Acknowledgements 161
REFERENCES 161
Appendix 162
Terrestrial species of the genus Nanorchestes (Endeostigmata: Nanorchestidae) in Europe 163
MATERIAL AND METHODS 163
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 165
A key to the European taxa 165
Nanorchestes pulvinar Grandjean, 1942 165
Diagnosis 165
Nanorchestes cf. collinus Hirst, 1918 165
Diagnosis 165
Nanorchestes arboriger (Berlese, 1904) 167
Diagnosis 167
Nanorchestes cf. antarcticus Strandtmann, 1963 167
Diagnosis 167
Nanorchestes cf. llanoi Strandtmann, 1982 167
Diagnosis 167
Conclusion 167
Acknowledgements 167
REFERENCES 167
Ptyctima (Acari, Oribatida) in various habitats in Finland 169
MATERIALS AND METHODS 169
RESULTS 169
Numbers of specimens 169
Numbers of species 169
Communities of Ptyctima in habitat types 170
Dry coniferous forest (Fig. 4a) 170
Mesic coniferous forest (Fig. 4b) 170
Mesic deciduous forest (Fig. 4c) 171
Marsh forest (Fig. 4d) 171
Pine bog (Fig. 5a) 171
Open bog (Fig. 5b) 171
Eutrophic fen (Fig. 5c) 171
Shore (Fig. 5d) 171
Habitat preferences of the most common species (Fig. 6) 171
Species with exclusive occurrences 171
DISCUSSION 171
Acknowledgments 172
REFERENCES 172
Distribution of Cosmochthonius species (Oribatida: Cosmochthoniidae) in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, Ukraine and Tajikistan 173
MATERIAL AND METHODS 173
RESULTS 173
DISCUSSION 176
REFERENCES 176
An inventory of oribatid mites, the main decomposers in bogs of Colchic Lowland (Caucasus, Georgia) 177
MATERIALS AND METHODS 177
RESULTS 177
DISCUSSION 179
Acknowledgements 179
REFERENCES 179
The soil mites of buttongrass moorland (Tasmania) and their response to fire as a management tool 181
METHODS 182
Study areas 182
Experimental design 182
Sampling 182
Acari community data 182
Analysis 182
RESULTS 183
DISCUSSION 184
Acknowledgements 185
REFERENCES 185
The water mite genus Torrenticola (Hydrachnidia: Torrenticolidae) in Costa Rica – ecology, diversity, and bioindicator potential 186
MATERIALS AND METHODS 186
RESULTS 187
Significance of ecological parameters 187
Habitats of the Costa Rican species 187
Elevation 188
Body size patterns 188
Naturalness of habitats 188
Shade 189
Pollution 189
Species assemblages 189
Patterns of diversity 190
a-Diversity 190
.-Diversity 190
DISCUSSION 191
Conclusions 191
Acknowledgements 191
REFERENCES 191
Stage distributions of cunaxids in soil and litter at Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico 193
MATERIAL AND METHODS 193
RESULTS 194
Temporal variation 195
Ontogenetic development 195
DISCUSSION 196
Acknowledgements 197
REFERENCES 197
Mites (Mesostigmata) inhabiting bird nests in Slovakia (Western Carpathians) 198
MATERIALS AND METHODS 198
RESULTS 198
Avian ectoparasites 198
Nidofauna 203
DISCUSSION 204
Acknowledgements 204
REFERENCES 204
Ereynetid mites (Tydeoidea: Ereynetidae) associated with garlic crops in Guanajuato, Mexico 205
MATERIAL AND METHODS 205
RESULTS 205
Ereynetes (Ereynetes) faini (Hunter) (Fig. 2A) 205
Diagnosis 206
Material examined 206
Egg structure and genital opercula 206
Ereynetes (Ereynetes) amplectorus (Hunter) (Fig. 2B) 207
Diagnosis 207
Material examined 207
Egg structure and genital opercula 208
DISCUSSION 208
REFERENCES 208
Physiological Acarology 209
Nutritional biology of oribatid mites from different microhabitats in the forest 210
MATERIALS AND METHODS 210
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 211
Acknowledgements 212
REFERENCES 212
Enzyme activities and internal bacteria of saprophagous soil mites (Acari: Oribatida, Acaridida) 214
MATERIALS AND METHODS 214
RESULTS 215
Damaeus, Belba, Metabelba: mites from the forest, considered to be mycophages 215
Tyrophagus putrescentiae: the actual mycophagous mite reared in the laboratory 215
Archegozetes longisetosus and Scheloribates laevigatus reared in the laboratory 215
DISCUSSION 215
Ackowledgements 216
REFERENCES 216
Analysis of tissues for EcR and RXR nuclear receptor gene expression during vitellogenesis in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata 217
MATERIALS AND METHODS 218
RNA extraction for mRNA quantification 218
Analysis of the sites of EcR and RXR expression by RT-PCR 218
Analysis of the sites of EcR and RXR expression by realtime PCR 218
RESULTS 218
DISCUSSION 219
Acknowledgements 220
REFERENCES 220
A cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin) from the tick Haemaphys alislongicornis is involved in tick innate immunity 222
MATERIALS AND METHODS 222
Ticks and tissue collection 222
Construction of the tick midgut full-length cDNA library by vector-capping and cDNA sequencing 222
Expression and purification of the cystatin in Escherichia coli 222
Enzymatic assays and analysis on non-denaturated poly acrylamidegel with gelatin 223
Real-time quantitative PCR 223
Expression analysis of cystatin in tick developmental stages and tissues 223
Induced expression of cystatin in the midgut by blood feeding 223
Induced expression of cystatin by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in adult ticks 223
Induced expression of cystatin by Babesia gibsoni infection in larval ticks 223
Growth-inhibitory assays of cystatin against Babesia bovis cultured in vitro 223
Nucleotide sequence accession number 224
RESULTS 224
Construction of a full-length cDNA library using total RNA 224
Cloning and sequence analysis of the full-length cDNA encoding Haemaphysalis longicornis cystatin 224
Expression of the cystatin in Escherichia coli 224
Inhibitory activity and heat stability of the recombinant cystatin 224
Expression analysis of cystatin in different tick stages and tissues 224
Induced expression of cystatin gene 224
Growth-inhibitory assay of cystatin against Babesia bovis cultured in vitro 224
DISCUSSION 225
REFERENCES 225
Chemical Acarology 227
Oil gland secretions in Oribatida (Acari) 228
MATERIAL AND METHODS 228
Oil gland secretion analysis: an overview 228
Extraction procedure 229
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry 229
Scanning electron microscopy and histology 229
Bioassays 229
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 229
Oil gland morphology 229
Chemistry and evolution of oil gland secretion profiles 230
Biological significance of oribatid oil glands 231
Acknowledgements 231
REFERENCES 231
How astigmatic mites control the emission of two or even three types of pheromones from the same gland 233
GENERAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION PHEROMONES IN ASTIGMATA 233
ONE ACTIVE COMPOUND WITH TWO COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS 237
Sex-aggregation pheromone combination 237
Aggregation-alarm pheromone combination 237
Alarm-sex pheromone combination 237
TWO COMPOUNDS EACH WITH A DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION FUNCTION 237
Combination of a sex pheromone and an aggregation pheromone 237
Combination of an aggregation pheromone and an alarm pheromone 237
Combination of an alarm pheromone and a sex pheromone 237
Test to detect all three types of pheromones in a single species 237
CONCLUSION 238
REFERENCES 238
The role of infochemicals in the interaction between cassava green mite and its fungal pathogen Neozygites tanajoae 240
MATERIALS AND METHODS 241
Effect of plant volatiles on Neozygites tanajoae 241
Avoidance study 241
Statistical analysis 241
RESULTS 241
GLV and HIPV studies 241
Avoidance study 242
DISCUSSION 243
Acknowledgements 244
REFERENCES 244
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles prime two indirect defences in lima bean 245
Experimental set-up to test plan-plant interactions 245
Predator attraction to HIPV 246
Extrafloral nectar secretion 246
DISCUSSION 247
Acknowledgements 247
REFERENCES 247
Differences in foraging strategies between populations of the predatory mite Neoseiulus womersleyi: correlation between olfactory response and dispersal tendency 249
MATERIALS AND METHODS 249
Plants and mites 249
Geographical strains of Neoseiulus womersleyi 250
Isofemale strains of Neoseiulus womersleyi 250
Response to HIPV in Y-tube olfactometer 250
Patch-leaving tendency 250
Prey-consumption rate, fecundity, and developmental time 250
Statistical analysis 251
RESULTS 251
Olfactory response and patch-leaving tendency 251
Prey-consumption rate, fecundity, and developmental time 251
DISCUSSION 252
Acknowledgement 252
REFERENCES 253
Evolutionary and Ecological Acarology: Intraspecific Variation 254
Species or morphological variation? A multivariate morphometric analysis of Afroleius simplex (Acari, Oribatida, Haplozetidae) 255
MATERIALS AND METHODS 255
Data 256
Statistical procedures 256
RESULTS 256
Principal component analysis 256
Discriminant function analysis 256
Cluster analysis 257
DISCUSSION 257
Acknowledgments 257
REFERENCES 257
Assessment of morphological and molecular variation among strains of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) 258
MATERIAL AND METHODS 258
Mite origin and rearing 258
Morphological parameters measured 258
Analysis of morphological data 259
Molecular markers used 259
DNA extraction 259
DNA amplification and electrophoresis 259
DNA sequencing 259
Sequence alignment and distances 259
RESULTS 259
Morphological study 259
Molecular study 262
DISCUSSION 263
Acknowledgements 264
REFERENCES 264
Identification of a drought-adapted Neoseiulus californicus strain: egg hatchability, juvenile survival and oviposition at low humidities 265
MATERIAL AND METHODS 265
Strain origin and history, general methods 265
Egg hatch 266
Juvenile survival 266
Oviposition 266
Statistical analysis 266
RESULTS 267
Egg hatch 267
Juvenile survival 267
Oviposition 267
DISCUSSION 268
Strain ranking 268
Acknowledgements 268
REFERENCES 268
Evolutionary and Ecological Acarology: Reproductive Behaviour and Sociality 270
Spider mites as study objects for evolutionary biology 271
Diversity of spider mites: descriptive and comparative studies 271
Evolution of spider mite life types and behavioural traits: in search of the ultimate factors 272
Mite sociality 273
Speciation through predation pressure and host plant shift 274
Male aggression – as material for studying sexual selection and kin selection 274
Haplo-diploidy – as material for genetic and evolutionary studies 275
PROBLEMS AND FUTURE STUDIES 275
Acknowledgements 276
REFERENCES 276
The effect of a phosphogluconate dehydrogenase genotype on sperm competitiveness in the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini 278
MATERIAL AND METHODS 278
RESULTS 279
DISCUSSION 279
REFERENCES 280
Population density and male polymorphism in the feather mite Falculifer rostratus (Acari: Falculiferidae) 281
MATERIAL AND METHODS 281
RESULTS 282
DISCUSSION 283
Acknowledgements 284
REFERENCES 284
Observations on reproduction, development, and sexual behaviour of stream-inhabiting water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) 285
MATERIAL AND METHODS 285
RESULTS 286
Reproduction and development 286
Sexual behaviour 289
DISCUSSION 290
REFERENCES 293
Nest microflora in the social spider mite, Stigmaeopsis longus (Acari: Tetranychidae) 295
MATERIALS AND METHODS 295
RESULTS 296
DISCUSSION 296
REFERENCES 297
Evolutionary and Ecological Acarology: Demography, Diapause and Dispersal 298
Seasonal adaptations in the life cycles of mites and ticks: comparative and evolutionary aspects 299
A history of diapause research in insects and acarines 299
Comparative aspects in distribution of dormant stages in life cycles of the Acari 300
Two types of seasonal control systems in acarine life cycles 303
Evolutionary aspects of dormancy and life-cycle control in the Acari 303
Conclusion 304
Acknowledgements 305
REFERENCES 305
Embryonic diapause and cold hardiness of Ixodes ricinus eggs (Acari: Ixodidae) 307
MATERIAL AND METHODS 307
Ticks 307
Treatment of eggs 307
Influence of temperature and photoperiod on termination of diapause 307
Determination of cold hardiness 307
Determination of the supercooling point (SCP) 308
Statistical analysis 308
RESULTS 308
Oviposition 308
Supercooling capacity 308
Cold hardiness 309
Lower lethal temperature 309
Lethal time 309
Occurrence of diapause 309
DISCUSSION 310
Egg development and diapause 310
Supercooling capacity and cold hardiness 310
REFERENCES 311
Phoresy revisited 312
PHORESY REDEFINED 313
TYPES OF PHORESY 313
Ecological phoretic relationships 313
Physiological phoretic relationships 314
Phoretic feeding relationships 314
REFERENCES 314
Pediculaster–host relationships (Acari: Siteroptidae) 316
Morphological adaptations – polymorphy and physical adaptations 316
Behavioural adaptations 317
Life-cycle synchronization 317
Dispersal strategy 317
MATERIAL AND METHODS 317
Statistical analysis 318
RESULTS 319
Attachment sites 319
Pediculaster - host relationships 319
DISCUSSION 320
REFERENCES 321
Generalist and specialist strategies in macrochelid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) phoretically associated with dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 322
MATERIALS AND METHODS 322
Sampling method and laboratory breeding 322
Two-choice tests 323
Olfactometer studies 323
Body mite morphometry 323
Statistical analysis 323
RESULTS 323
Experiments with the opportunist Macrocheles perglaber 323
Two-choice tests 323
Olfactometer tests 323
Response time 323
Experiments with the specialist Macrocheles saceri 323
Two-choice tests 323
Olfactometer tests 324
Response time 324
Morphometric analysis 324
DISCUSSION 324
Acknowledgements 325
REFERENCES 326
Development of microsatellite markers for Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) and analysis of spatio-temporal gene flow among populations on different host plants 327
MATERIALS AND METHODS 327
Development of microsatellite markers 327
Segregation and linkage analyses 328
Genetic differentiation within and among field populations on different host plants 328
RESULTS 329
Segregation and linkage analyses 329
Genetic differentiation within and among field populations on different host plants 330
DISCUSSION 330
Acknowledgments 332
REFERENCES 332
Demographic and reproductive parameters of Polyphagotarsonemus latus in Carica papaya 334
MATERIALS AND METHODS 334
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 334
Developmental time 334
Adult longevity 335
Demographic parameters 335
Reproductive parameters 335
Conclusion 336
REFERENCES 336
Effect of temperature on the life history of the old world date mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (Acari: Tetranychidae) 338
MATERIALS AND METHODS 338
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 339
REFERENCES 340
Ecological Acarology: Associations with Insects 341
Habitat selection in the bug Pyrrhocoris apterus: Does it minimize the risk of being parasitized by the ectoparasitic mite Hemipteroseius adleri? 342
MATERIALS AND METHODS 342
Field study 342
Laboratory experiments 343
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 343
Acknowledgements 344
REFERENCES 344
Mites associated with concealed and open nests of Apis cerana indica in Kerala, South India 345
MATERIALS AND METHODS 345
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 345
REFERENCES 346
Ecological Acarology: Invasive Species 347
Tracking the colonisation history of the invasive species Varroa destructor 348
Origin and spread of Varroa destructor, an almost cosmopolitan pest of Apis mellifera 348
Varroa destructor infesting Apis mellifera: a new species 349
Genetic variation of Varroa destructor infesting Apis mellifera 349
Genetic variation of Varroa destructor infesting Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in Asia 349
Loss of genetic diversity, founder effects, and host shifts 350
Invasion pathways 350
The Varroa destructor threat issues 350
Acknowledgements 350
REFERENCES 350
The rice mite Steneotarsonemus spinki, an invasive species in the Americas 352
REFERENCES 356
Importation of a New World tick, Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae), with a horse from the USA into Germany 358
REFERENCES 361
Agricultural Acarology: Biological Control 363
Concepts of classification of the Phytoseiidae: Relevance to biological control of mites 364
POSSIBLE PATHWAYS OF EVOLUTION IN THE PLANT ENVIRONMENT 364
CONSIDERATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL POTENTIALS ACCORDING TO LIFE STYLES, TRIBES, AND GENERA 365
General feeders (Type III) 365
Typhlodrominae 365
Phytoseiinae 365
Amblyseiinae 365
Broadly specific spider mite predators (Type II) 366
Typhlodrominae 366
Amblyseiinae 366
Specialized predators of Tetranychus spp. (Type I) 366
Specialized pollen feeders (Type IV) 366
Amblyseiinae 366
Other types? 366
SOME CHALLENGES AT THE SPECIES LEVEL 367
Conclusions 367
Acknowledgments 367
REFERENCES 367
Biological control of mites in European vineyards and the impact of natural vegetation 369
European vineyards are dominated by generalist phytoseiids 369
Evaluating Amblyseius andersoni, Kampimodromus aberrans, and Typhlodromus pyri in tetranychid control 369
Impact of Typhlodromus exhilaratus and Phytoseius finitimus on tetranychids in vineyards 370
Role of alternative prey for generalist phytoseiids 370
Factors affecting the persistence of phytoseiids when prey is scarce: windborne pollen and pathogenic fungi 370
Effect of non-prey food on phytoseiid coexistence 371
How can we manage alternative non-prey foods for generalist phytoseiids? 371
Interactions between pesticides and phytoseiids in vineyards 371
Should we release phytoseiids in vineyards? 372
Surrounding natural vegetation as a source of phytoseiids for dispersal into crops 372
Phytoseiid mite dispersal or the colonization processes of plots 373
Relationship between Kampimodromus aberrans populations in vineyards and natural vegetation? 374
Is settlement of migrants within plots always achieved? 375
REFERENCES 375
Does agroforestry affect phytoseiid mite communities in vineyards in the South of France? 378
MATERIAL AND METHODS 378
The study site 378
Sampling 378
Mite identifications 378
Data analysis 379
RESULTS 379
Phytoseiid mite abundance in vine crops with and withouta groforestry management 379
Phytoseiid mite abundance on Sorbus domestica and Pinus pinea 379
Phytoseiid mite densities on Pinus pinea, Sorbus domestica and vine plants 379
Phytoseiid mite diversity 379
DISCUSSION 380
Acknowledgements 380
REFERENCES 380
Manipulating plant-arthropod conversations to improve conservation biological control of mites 382
MATERIALS AND METHODS 383
Recruitment of mite predators to hop yards 383
Attraction of mite predators to hop plants sprayed with pesticide/MeSA formulations 383
RESULTS 383
Recruitment of mite predators to hop yards 383
Attraction of mite predators to hop plants sprayed with pesticide/HIPV formulations 384
DISCUSSION 385
Acknowledgements 386
REFERENCES 386
Status of coconut mite Aceria guerreronis and biological control research in Sri Lanka 387
Distribution of coconut mite in Sri Lanka 387
Distribution pattern 387
Annual and seasonal population fluctuations 388
Biological control research 388
Predatory mites 388
Neoseiulus baraki as a prospective candidate 388
Mass rearing and field releases of Neoseiulus baraki 389
Hirsutella thompsonii as a prospective candidate 389
Determination of effective isolates and field studies 390
Future directions in biological control of coconut mite 390
REFERENCES 391
Development of an economic rearing and transport system for an arid-adapted strain of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus, for spider mite control 392
OVERVIEW 392
Workpackage 1 392
Workpackage 2 393
Workpackage 3 393
Workpackage 4 394
Workpackage 5 394
Acknowledgements 394
REFERENCES 395
Host Range, distribution, and morphometrics of predatory mites associated with phytophagous mites of fruit crops in Himachal Pradesh, India 397
MATERIALS AND METHODS 397
Survey 397
Sampling 397
Preservation 397
Morphological studies 398
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 398
Identifying features and morphometrics of predatory mites 398
Population density and distribution of mite species 398
Conclusion 400
REFERENCES 400
Winter survival and reproduction of Amblyseius longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a potential predator of spider mites on roses in Himachal Pradesh, India 401
MATERIALS AND METHODS 401
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 402
Mating behaviour and mating period 402
Fecundity and oviposition behaviour 402
Juvenile development time 402
Adults 402
Moulting behaviour 402
Feeding behavior 402
Conclusion 402
Acknowledgments 402
REFERENCES 402
Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on three acarine pests 404
MATERIALS AND METHODS 404
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 404
REFERENCES 405
Hirsutella thompsonii as a mycoacaricide for Aceria guerreronis on coconut in India: research, development, and other aspects 406
Basic research 406
Development of formulations 406
Field evaluation 407
Protocol 1 407
Protocol 2 407
Multilocation field trials 407
Short-term trials 408
Long-term trials 408
Government support 408
Commercial interest 408
Conclusion 408
Acknowledgements 408
REFERENCES 408
Fusarium species: acaropathogenic fungi as potential control agents against coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis 410
MATERIALS AND METHODS 410
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 411
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 411
REFERENCES 411
Agricultural Acarology: Pesticides and Biological Control 413
Biocontrol of phytophagous mites in Quebec apple orchards 414
HISTORY OF MITE BIOCONTROL ON APPLE IN QUEBEC 414
Spray and count era (1945-1970) 414
Count and spray era (1970-1990) 414
Biocontrol by inoculation 414
Phase 1 415
Phase 2 415
Phase 3 415
Phase 4 416
Conservation and augmentation (1990 to date) 416
Transfer of predacious mites from a donor to a recipient orchard 416
Conclusion 418
REFERENCES 418
Side effects of pesticides on phytoseiid mites in French vineyards and orchards: laboratory and field trials 419
MATERIAL AND METHODS 419
Description of the AFPP/CEB official guideline 167, part ‘laboratory method’ 419
Study of the side effects of mancozeb on Typhlodromus pyri 420
Field experiments 420
Laboratory experiment 420
Statistical analysis 420
Resistance of Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius andersoni populations to deltamethrin, .-cyhalothrin, and chlorpyrifos-ethyl 421
Predatory mite populations 421
Insecticides tested 421
Bioassays 421
Data analysis 421
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 421
General results obtained with the AFPP/CEB guideline 167, part ‘laboratory method’ 421
Side effects of mancozeb on Typhlodromus pyri 421
Field experiment 421
Laboratory experiment 422
Resistance of Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius andersoni populations to deltamethrin, .-cyhalothrin, and chlorpyrifos-ethyl 423
Deltamethrin 423
.-cyhalothrin 423
Chlorpyriphos-ethyl 423
DISCUSSION 424
Conclusion 425
REFERENCES 425
Pesticide side-effects on predatory mites: the role of trophic interactions 427
MATERIALS AND METHODS 427
Effects of pesticides on Phytoseiulus persimilis in the laboratory 427
Stock cultures 427
Toxicological tests 428
Pesticides used 428
Interactions among Amblyseius andersoni, pyrethrins, and GDM in vineyards 428
Data analysis 428
RESULTS 429
Effects of pyrethrins on Phytoseiulus persimilis 429
Effects of Beauveria bassiana on Phytoseiulus persimilis 429
Interactions among Amblyseius andersoni, pyrethrins, and GDM in vineyards 429
DISCUSSION 430
Acknowledgements 431
REFERENCES 431
Integrating pesticides and biocontrol of mites in agricultural systems 432
MATERIALS AND METHODS 434
Contact and residual bioassays with Galendromus occidentalis 434
Statistical analysis 435
RESULTS 435
Acaricide dose responses of Phytoseiulus persimilis, Chrysoperla carnea, and Orius tristicolor 435
Contact and residual bioassays with Galendromus occidentalis 435
DISCUSSION 436
REFERENCES 436
The impact of sulfur on biological control of spider mites in Washington State vineyards and hop yards 438
MATERIALS AND METHODS 438
Surveys of spider mite and predatory mite populations in Washington State vineyards with high, low, or no pesticide inputs 438
Field experiment on the impact of sulfur and chlorpyrifos on spider mites and their natural enemies in a vineyard 438
Field experiment on the impact of sulfur on spider mites and their natural enemies in a hop yard 438
RESULTS 439
Surveys of mite populations in Washington State vineyards with high, low, or no pesticide inputs 439
Field experiment on the impact of sulfur on spider mites and their natural enemies in a vineyard 441
Field experiment on the impact of sulfur on spider mites and their natural enemies in a hop yard 441
DISCUSSION 441
Acknowledgments 442
REFERENCES 442
Impact of new pesticide chemistry on acarine communities in apple orchards 444
MATERIALS AND METHODS 445
RAMP study in North Carolina 445
Surround® effects on mites 445
RESULTS 446
RAMP study in North Carolina 446
Surround® effects on mites 447
DISCUSSION 447
Acknowledgment 448
REFERENCES 448
Effect of monocrotophos and the acaropathogen, Fusarium semitectum, on the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, and its predator Amblyseius ovalis in the field 449
MATERIALS AND METHODS 449
Polyphagotarsonemus latus 450
Amblyseius ovalis 450
Damage index 450
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 450
Acknowledgement 452
REFERENCES 452
Compatibility of pesticides with the acaropathogenic fungus, Fusarium semitectum 453
MATERIALS AND METHODS 453
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 453
Acknowlegement 454
REFERENCES 454
Pesticide-induced mortality and prey-dependent life history of the predatory mite Neoseiulus longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) 455
MATERIALS AND METHODS 455
Stock cultures 455
Life history of Neoseiulus longispinosus 455
Longevity and fecundity of mated Neoseiulus longispinosus 456
Effect of pesticides on mortality of Neoseiulus longispinosus 456
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 456
Development of Neoseiulus longispinosus 456
Longevity and fecundity of mated Neoseiulus longispinosus 457
Effect of pesticides on mortality of Neoseiulus longispinosus 457
Acknowledgements 457
REFERENCES 457
Agricultural Acarology: Host Plant Effects and Damage 459
Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash levels on population fluctuation of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi, on apple 460
MATERIALS AND METHODS 460
RESULTS 461
Adults 461
Immatures 462
Eggs 462
DISCUSSION 462
REFERENCES 462
Resistance of strawberry plants against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) 463
MATERIALS AND METHODS 463
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 464
REFERENCES 465
Weight loss of copra due to infestation by Aceria guerreronis 466
MATERIALS AND METHODS 466
RESULTS 466
DISCUSSION 466
REFERENCES 467
Veterinary Acarology 468
Dermanyssus gallinae in Dutch poultry farms: Results of a questionnaire on severity, control treatments, cleaning, and biosecurity 469
MATERIAL AND METHODS 469
RESULTS 469
Severity of the PRM infestation 470
Treatments 470
Prevention 471
Costs 471
DISCUSSION 471
REFERENCES 472
A bioassay to assess the activity of repellent substances on Ixodesricinus nymphs 473
MATERIALS AND METHODS 473
Bioassay 473
Ticks used in the bioassay 473
Stimuli tested in the bioassay 474
Extraction and chromatographic analysis 474
Statistical analysis 474
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 474
REFERENCES 475
Experimental studies on the potential role of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, as a vector of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis 476
MATERIALS AND METHODS 476
Infection of mites 476
Survival and multiplication of Salmonella in mites 477
Effect of Salmonella on mite oviposition and on transovarialand transstadial passages 477
Retransmission of Salmonella 477
Oral inoculation of chicks with contaminated mites 477
Statistical analysis 477
RESULTS 477
Success of experimental infection of mites 477
Survival and multiplication of SE within mites 477
Effect on mite oviposition and transovarial and transstadial passages 478
Contamination of blood by infected mites 478
Infection of chicks after oral inoculation with contaminated mites 478
DISCUSSION 479
Acknowledgments 480
REFERENCES 480
‘Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii’, formerly IricES1, a symbiont of the tick Ixodes ricinus that resides in the host mitochondria 481
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES 481
MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION 482
TRANSMISSION AND PREVALENCE 483
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE HOST 483
Parasitism 484
Reproductive parasitism 484
Commensalism 484
Mutualism 484
REFERENCES 484
The tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) is a vector of various disease agents in the Cisural region, Russia 486
MATERIALS AND METHODS 486
Ticks 486
Sample processing for PCR analysis 486
DNA amplification and analysis 486
RESULTS 487
DISCUSSION 487
Acknowledgements 488
REFERENCES 488
Seasonality of Megninia ginglymura: a one-year study in a hen farm in Yucatan, Mexico 489
MATERIALS AND METHODS 490
RESULTS 490
DISCUSSION 490
REFERENCES 490
Acaricides 491
Acaricidal activity of some essential oils and their monoterpenoidal constituents against the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) 492
MATERIAL AND METHODS 492
Stock culture of house dust mite 492
Plant essential oils 492
Monoterpenoids 492
Experimental treatments 493
RESULTS 493
DISCUSSION 493
REFERENCES 494
A gel formulation of formic acid for control of Varroa destructor 495
MATERIALS AND METHODS 495
Preparation of the gel device 495
Evaporation of formic acid under laboratory conditions 495
Evaporation of formic acid under field conditions 496
Effectiveness of formic acid under field conditions 496
RESULTS 496
Evaporation of formic acid under laboratory hive conditions 496
Evaporation of formic acid under field conditions 497
General condition of the colonies 498
Efficacy of treatments in the field test 498
DISCUSSION 498
REFERENCES 498
Acarological Tools 500
Effect of eight storage modes on DNA preservation 501
MATERIAL AND METHODS 502
Collection and storage 502
Extraction 502
PCR 502
Comparison 503
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 503
REFERENCES 504
Spider Mites Web: A comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae 505
DATA SOURCE AND DATABASE 505
THE DATA 506
References 506
Nomenclatural information 506
Geographical distribution 506
Host plants 507
THE USER INTERFACE 507
Search by species 507
Advanced search 507
Bibliographic search 507
RESULTS 507
Species page 507
Reference page 508
Add-ons 508
CONCLUSION 508
REFERENCES 508
Author index 509
Subject and organism index 511