AIDS and Aid (eBook)

Contents 5
List of Figures 7
List of Tables 8
Abbreviations and Acronyms 9
Introduction 11
The Challenge: A Transnational Response to HIV/ AIDS 15
2.1 The Epidemiology of HIV 16
2.1.1 A Typology for Classifying AIDS Epidemics 17
2.1.2 HIV/AIDS in High-Income Countries 19
2.1.3 HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle-Income Countries 19
2.2 National and Transnational Impacts of AIDS 22
2.2.1 Demographic Impacts of AIDS 23
2.2.2 The Burden of AIDS 26
2.2.3 Biological Spillovers of AIDS 28
2.2.4 Transnational Impacts of AIDS 31
2.3 Responding to AIDS 33
2.3.1 The Prevention, Treatment and Care Continuum 33
2.3.2 The Conceptual Background of International Health- Promoting Public Goods 37
2.3.3 Definitions 38
2.3.4 The Concept of Aggregation Technology 39
2.4 Conclusions 42
Profiling the Provision Status of Health- Promoting Public Goods Against AIDS 44
3.1 Key Health-Promoting Public Goods 46
3.2 The Benchmark Case 49
3.3 Efficient and Equilibrium Allocations: The Weakest- Link Case 53
3.3.1 First-Order Condition if i is the Weakest- Link Country 55
3.3.2 First-Order Condition for all Other Countries j 55
3.4 Efficient and Equilibrium Allocations: The Best-Shot Case 60
3.4.1 Applying Hirshleifer’s Analysis to the Case “ Developing a Vaccine” 61
3.4.2 An Extension of Hirshleifer’s Analysis 64
3.5 Conclusions 67
International Transfers 70
4.1 Unconditional Income Transfers 72
4.1.1 The Basic Model 73
4.1.2 Corner Solutions 76
4.1.3 Cost Differentials 79
4.1.4 Weakest-Link and Best-Shot Public Goods in the Case of International Assistance 86
4.1.5 Non-neutrality of Unconditional Income Transfers 94
4.1.6 Discussion and Policy Recommendations 95
4.2 In-Kind Transfers 98
4.2.1 Income or In-Kind Transfers in a Weakest-Link Case 99
4.2.2 Income or In-Kind Transfers in a Best-Shot Case 103
4.2.3 A Comparison of Income versus In-Kind Transfers 107
4.2.4 Discussion: Transferring Income or Giving in Kind? 108
4.3 Conditional Income Transfers 111
4.3.1 Allocative Consequences of Subsidies in the Case of “ Knowledge About HIV” 112
4.3.2 Allocative Consequences of Subsidies in the Case of Alternative Aggregation Technologies 113
4.3.3 Limits of a Subsidy Mechanism 115
4.3.4 An Alternative Subsidy Mechanism 117
4.3.5 Discussion: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Subsidy Mechanism 121
4.4 Conclusions 121
Regional Constraints and HIV/AIDS 125
5.1 The Impact of Regional Constraints on HIV/AIDS 126
5.1.1 The Relationship Between Missing Access to Water, Sanitation and HIV/ AIDS 126
5.1.2 The Relationship Between Malnutrition and HIV/AIDS 128
5.1.3 Discussion: The Role of ODA 129
5.2 Institutional Considerations 131
5.3 Conclusions 132
Summary and Concluding Remarks 134
Appendices 138
Appendix A: Providing Unconditional Income Transfers in a Best- Shot Case 138
Appendix B: Necessary Feasibility Constraint in a Weakest- Link Case 139
Appendix C: Necessary Feasibility Constraint in a Best-Shot Case 140
Appendix D: The Effects of a Subsidy in a Framework of Private Provided Public Goods 140
Appendix E: A Modified Samuelson Condition 143
References 146
Index 157