Human Factors in Lighting

Fundamentals
Light
Introduction
Light and Radiation
CIE Standard Observers
Photometric Quantities
Some Limitations
Colorimetric Quantities
Sources of Light
Control of Light Distribution
Control of Light Output
Summary

Visual System
Introduction
Structure of the Visual System
Continuous Adjustments of the Visual System
Capabilities of the Visual System
Perception through the Visual System
Summary

Non-Image-Forming System
Introduction
Some Physiology
Circadian Timing System
Characteristics of the Circadian Timing System
Awakening System
Pupil Size
Problems and Potential
Summary

Generalities
Lighting and Work
Introduction
Overview
Light, Work, and the Visual System
Light, Work, and the Non-Image-Forming System
Light, Work, Mood, and Motivation
Summary

Lighting and Visual Discomfort
Introduction
Characteristics of Visual Discomfort
General Causes of Visual Discomfort
Specific Causes of Visual Discomfort
Discomfort, Performance, and Behaviour
Visual Discomfort and Lighting Quality
Summary

Lighting and the Perception of Spaces and Objects
Introduction
Simple Perceptions
Higher-Order Perceptions
Perception of Objects
Summary

Specifics
Lighting for Offices
Introduction
Illuminance
Light Sources for Office Lighting
Lighting Systems
Lighting Controls
Summary

Lighting for Industry
Introduction
Problems Facing Lighting in Industry
General Lighting
Localized and Task Lighting
Visual Inspection
Special Situations
Summary

Escape Lighting
Introduction
Escape Lighting in Context
Operating Conditions
Exit Signs
Escape Route Lighting
Special Situations
Escape Lighting in Practice
Summary

Lighting for Driving
Introduction
Vehicle Forward Lighting
Vehicle Signal Lighting
Road Lighting
Markings, Signs, and Traffic Signals
Summary

Lighting for Pedestrians
Introduction
What Pedestrians Want from Lighting
Lighting Criteria
Lighting for Safe Movement
Lighting for Security
Lighting, Comfort, and Attraction
Completing the Picture
Summary

Lighting and Crime
Introduction
Some History
Lighting as a Crime Prevention Measure
The Reason Why
Essential Characteristics of Lighting
Special Situations
Generalization and Value
Summary

Lighting for the Elderly
Introduction
Optical Changes with Age
Neural Changes with Age
Vision Loss
Effects of Age on Visual Capabilities
Effects of Age on Real Visual Tasks
Effects of Age on the Circadian Timing System
What Can Be Done to Offset the Effects of Age?
Summary

Light and Health
Introduction
Light as Radiation
Light Operating through the Visual System
Light Operating through the Circadian Timing System
Unresolved Issues
Summary

Light Pollution
Introduction
Forms of Light Pollution
Causes of Light Pollution
Consequences of Light Pollution
Reactions to Light Pollution
Limiting Light Pollution
The Future
Summary

Lighting and Electricity Consumption
Introduction
Legal Status
Trends in Lighting Regulation
Trends in Lighting Recommendations
Design
Load Shedding
Summary

The Way Ahead
Introduction
Background
Problems with New Technology
Problems with New Knowledge
Problems with Increased Pressure
Research Approaches
New Tools
Evaluating Research
Summary
References
Index