Digital Transformation (eBook)

Contents 5
1Digital Information –The “Genetic Code” of Modern Technology 13
1.1 Introduction: Digitization, a powerful force for change 13
1.2 Technology’s “genetic code” 14
1.3 The dynamics of everyday digital life 15
1.4 Resilience and security 16
1.5 Fraunhofer searches for practical applications 18
2Digitization – Areas of Application and Research Objectives 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Data analysis and data transfer 21
2.2.1 The digitization of the material world 21
2.2.2 Intelligent data analysis and simulation for better medicine 21
2.2.3 Maintaining quality at smaller sizes via data compression 21
2.2.4 Digital radio – better radio reception for everyone 22
2.2.5 Transferring more data in less time:5G,edge computing,etc. 22
2.3 Work and production 23
2.3.1 The digitization of the workplace 23
2.3.2 Digital and connected manufacturing 24
2.3.3 Turning data into matter 24
2.3.4 Cognitive machines are standing by our sides 25
2.4 Security and resilience 25
2.4.1 Data – the elixir of the modern world 25
2.4.2 Industrial Data Space – retaining data sovereignty 26
2.4.3 Data origin authentication and counterfeit protection inthe digital world 26
2.4.4 Cybersecurity as the foundation for modern societies 27
2.4.5 Cybersecurity technology adapted to people 27
2.4.6 People-centered digitization 28
3Virtual Reality in Media and Technology 29
3.1 Introduction: Digitizing of real objects using the exampleof cultural artifacts 29
3.1.1 Automating the 3D digitization process with CultLab3D 31
3.1.2 Results, application scenarios, and future developments 35
3.2 Virtual and Augmented Reality systems optimize planning, construction and manufacturing 37
3.2.1 Virtual Reality 37
3.2.2 Augmented Reality 39
3.2.3 Visualization using linked 3D data schemas 43
3.2.4 Integration of CAD data into AR 46
3.2.5 Augmented Reality tracking 47
3.2.6 Tracking as a service 48
Sources and literature 50
4Video Data Processing 52
4.1 Introduction: The major role of video in the digitalworld 53
4.2 Video processing at FraunhoferHeinrich-Hertz-Institute 56
4.3 Compression methods for video data 57
4.4 Three-dimensional video objects 63
4.5 Summary and Outlook 67
Sources and literature 67
5Audio Codecs 72
5.1 Introduction: The dream of high fidelity 73
5.2 Hi-fi technologies from analog to digital 73
5.3 Current research focus areas 75
5.3.1 The ear and the brain 75
5.3.2 From audio channels to audio objects 77
5.3.3 Audio objects in practice 79
5.4 Outlook 85
Sources and literature 85
6Digital Radio 87
6.1 Introduction 88
6.2 Spectrum efficiency allows more broadcasts 88
6.3 Program diversity 89
6.4 Innovative services: from traffic alerts to emergencymanagement 90
6.5 Non-discriminatory access 92
6.6 Hybrid applications 92
6.7 Outlook 92
75G Data Transfer at Maximum Speed 94
7.1 Introduction: the generations of mobilecommunicationsfrom 2G to 5G 95
7.2 5G vision and new technological challenges 97
7.3 Technical key concepts: spectrum, technologyand architecture 101
7.4 5G research at Fraunhofer HHI 108
7.5 Outlook 112
Sources and literature 112
8International Data Spaces 115
8.1 Introduction: digitization of industry and the roleof data 116
8.2 International Data Spaces 118
8.2.1 Requirements and aims 118
8.2.2 International Data Space Reference Architecture Model 120
8.2.3 State of development 121
8.3 Case studies on the International Data Space 123
8.3.1 Collaborative supply chain management in the automotiveindustry 123
8.3.2 Transparency in steel industry supply chains 125
8.3.3 Data trusteeship for industrial data 126
8.3.4 Digital networking of manufacturing lines 127
8.3.5 Product lifecycle management in the business ecosystem 129
8.3.6 Agile networking in value chains 130
8.4 Case study assessment 131
Sources and literature 133
9EMOIO Research Project 135
9.1 Introduction: designing the technology of the future 137
9.2 Adaptive and assistance systems 138
9.3 Brain-computer interface and neuro-adaptivetechnology 139
9.4 EMOIO – From basic to applied brain research 142
9.4.1 Development of an interactive experimental paradigm for researching the affective user reactions towards assistancefunctions 142
9.4.2 Studying the ability to detect and discriminate user affectivereactions with EEG and fNIRS 144
9.5 Summary and outlook 146
9.5.1 Summary and outlook from the research within theEMOIO project 146
9.5.2 Outlook and applications of brain-computer interfaces 147
Sources and literature 148
10Fraunhofer Additive Manufacturing Alliance 151
10.1 Introduction: history of additive manufacturing 152
10.2 Additive manufacturing at Fraunhofer 153
10.3 Additive manufacturing – the revolution of productmanufacturing in the digital age 159
10.4 Mesoscopic lightweight construction using additivelymanufactured six-sided honeycombs 161
10.5 Using biomimetic structures for esthetic consumergoods 162
10.6 High-performance tools for sheet metal hot formingusing laser beam melting 164
10.7 Additive manufacturing of ceramic components 166
10.8 Printable biomaterials 168
10.9 Development and construction of a highly productive manufacturing facility for additive manufacturing oflarge-scale components made of arbitrary plastics 170
10.10 Integration of sensory-diagnostic and actuator therapeuticfunctions in implants 172
10.11 Generating three-dimensional multi-material parts 173
Sources and literature 175
11Future Work Lab 176
11.1 Introduction: the digitization and Industry 4.0megatrend 177
11.2 Future Work Frame – Developing the framework forsustainable work design 178
11.2.1 Human-technology interaction 179
11.2.2 Flexibility, blurred boundaries, and work-life balance 179
11.2.3 Competency development and qualification 180
11.3 Future Work Trends – Work design in Industry 4.0 181
11.3.1 Connected work systems 181
11.3.2 Context sensitive work systems 182
11.3.3 Assisting work systems 182
11.3.4 Intuitive work systems 183
11.4 Future Work Lab – Experiencing the industrialwork of the future 184
11.4.1 Experience Future Work demo world 185
11.4.2 Fit for the Work of the Future learning world 186
11.4.3 Work in Progress world of ideas 186
11.5 Future Work Cases – Design examples for theindustrialwork of the future 187
11.5.1 Future Work Case: assisted assembly 188
11.5.2 Future Work Case: human-robot cooperation withthe heavy-duty robot 189
11.6 Outlook 190
Sources and literature 191
12Cyber-Physical Systems 193
12.1 Introduction 194
12.2 CPSs in production 196
12.3 Transforming production systems intocyber-physical systems 198
12.3.1 Evolution in the production process 198
12.3.2 LinkedFactory – data as a raw material of the future 203
12.4 Challenges for CPS design 210
12.4.1 Systems engineering as the key to success 211
12.4.2 Performance level and practical action required 211
12.5 Summary and development perspectives 214
Sources and literature 216
13“Go Beyond 4.0” Lighthouse Project 218
13.1 Introduction 219
13.2 Mass production 220
13.3 Digital manufacturing techniques 221
13.3.1 Digital printing techniques 222
13.3.2 Laser-based techniques 224
13.4 Demonstrators 226
13.4.1 Smart Door 226
13.4.2 Smart Wing 228
13.4.3 Smart Luminaire 229
13.5 Summary and outlook 231
14Cognitive Systems and Robotics 233
14.1 Introduction 234
14.2 Fundamental and future technologies for cognitivesystems 234
14.2.1 What are artificial neural networks? 235
14.2.2 Future developments 238
14.3 Cognitive robotics in production and services 239
14.3.1 Intelligent image processing as a key technology forcost-efficient robotic applications 240
14.3.2 A multifaceted gentleman: The Care-O-Bot® 4 service robot 243
14.4 Off road and under water: Autonomous systems forespecially demanding environments 245
14.4.1 Autonomous mobile robots in unstructured terrain 245
14.4.2 Autonomous construction machines 246
14.4.8 Autonomous underwater robots 247
14.4.4 Summary 249
14.5 Machine learning for virtual product development 249
14.5.1 Researching crash behavior in the automotive industry 249
14.5.2 Designing materials and chemicals 252
Sources and literature 252
15Fraunhofer Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Alliance 254
15.1 Introduction: One alliance for many sectors 254
Sources and literature 257
15.2 Offerings for every stage of development 258
15.3 Monetizing data 259
15.4 Mining valuable data with machine learning 261
15.5 Data scientist – a new role in the age of data 262
15.6 Conclusion 263
Sources and literature 264
16Safety and Security 266
16.1 Introduction: Cybersecurity – The number one issuefor the digital economy 267
16.2 The (in-)security of current information technology 267
16.3 Cybersecurity: relevant for every industry 270
16.4 The growing threat 273
16.5 Cybersecurity and privacy protection in the face ofchanging technology and paradigms 273
16.6 Cybersecurity and privacy protection at every level 274
Sources and literature 282
17Fault-Tolerant Systems 285
17.1 Introduction 285
17.2 Challenges for fault-tolerant systems 287
17.3 Resilience as a security concept for the connectedworld 289
17.4 Applied resilience research: Designing complex connectedinfrastructures that are fault-tolerant 295
17.5 Outlook 297
Sources and literature 298
18Blockchain 301
18.1 Introduction 302
18.2 Functioning 303
18.3 Methods of consensus building 304
18.4 Implementations and classification 306
18.5 Applications 307
Sources and literature 309
19E-Health 310
19.1 Introduction 310
19.2 Integrated diagnostics and therapy 312
19.2.1 Digitization latecomers 312
19.2.2 Innovative sensors and intelligent software assistants 313
19.2.3 Population research 314
19.2.4 Multi-parameter health monitoring 315
19.2.5 Digitization as a catalyst for integrated diagnosis 317
19.3 AI, our hard-working “colleague” 319
19.3.1 Deep learning breaks records 319
19.3.2 Pattern recognition as a powerful tool in medicine 320
19.3.3 Radiomics: a potential forerunner 321
19.3.4 Intuition and trust put to the test 323
19.4 Changing distribution of roles 324
19.4.1 Integrated diagnostic teams 324
19.4.2 The empowered patient 325
19.5 Potential impacts on the healthcare economy 326
19.5.1 Cost savings via objectified therapeutic decision-making 326
19.5.2 Increasing efficiency via early detection anddata management 327
19.6 Structural changes in the market 328
19.6.1 Disruptive innovation and the battle about standards 328
19.6.2 New competitors in the healthcare market 328
19.7 Outlook 329
Sources and literature 331
20Smart Energy 334
20.1 Introduction: The digital transformation megatrend 334
20.2 Digital transformation in the energy sector 336
20.3 The energy transition requires sector coupling and ICT 338
20.4 The cellular organizational principle 341
20.5 Challenges for energy ICT 344
20.6 The challenge of resilience and comprehensivesecurity 346
20.7 The energy transition as a transformation process 349
Sources and literature 349
21Advanced Software Engineering 351
21.1 Introduction 351
21.2 Software and software engineering 353
21.3 Selected characteristics of software 354
21.4 Model-based methods and tools 356
21.5 Risk assessment and automated security tests 357
21.6 Software mapping and visualization 359
21.7 Model-based testing 360
21.8 Test automation 362
21.9 Additional approaches 364
21.10 Professional development offerings 364
21.11 Outlook 365
Sources and literature 366
22Automated Driving 368
22.1 Introduction 369
22.2 Autonomous driving in the automobile sector 370
22.2.1 State of the art 370
22.2.2 Autonomous driving in complex traffic situations 372
22.2.3 Cooperative driving maneuvers 375
22.2.4 Low-latency broadband communication 376
22.2.5 Roadside safety systems 378
22.2.6 Digital networking and functional reliability of driverlessvehicles 380
22.2.7 Fast-charging capabilities and increasing ranges forautonomous electric vehicles 382
22.2.8 Vehicle design, modular vehicle construction, and scalablefunctionality 383
22.3 Autonomous transportation systems in logistics 385
22.4 Driverless work machines in agricultural technology 386
22.5 Autonomous rail vehicle engineering 388
22.6 Unmanned ships and underwater vehicles 389
Sources and literature 391