The Future of Risk Management, Volume I (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Contributors 10
List of Figures 14
List of Tables 16
Part I Environmental Risk Management 20
Chapter 1 The Italian Bus Transportation Sector: The Management of Environmental Risks as a Factor for Achieving a Business Sustainability 22
1.1 Introduction 22
1.2 Theoretical Background and a Brief Note on the Italian Bus Transportation Sector Legislative Framework 24
1.3 Methodology and Data Specifications 31
1.4 Findings—Efficiency Results and Public Versus Private 35
1.5 Conclusions 38
References 41
Chapter 2 Decreasing the Environmental Risks Through Inclusion of the Private Companies in the Process of Household Waste Management 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Literature Review 47
2.3 Methodology and Data Collection 51
2.4 Findings Discussion 53
2.4.1 Institutional Case Study Analysis 53
2.4.2 Sociological Survey 56
2.4.3 Modularity Analysis 57
2.5 Conclusion and Limitations/Further Steps 71
Bibliography 71
Chapter 3 Customs and IoT for Monitoring Risk-Management Systems: Some Recent Applications 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Risk-Management Systems in Customs Administration: General Considerations 77
3.3 Risk-Management Capabilities and IoT: Which Opportunities for Customs Authorities and Trade Facilitation Institutions? 78
3.4 Risk-Management Framework and Applications: A Brief Introduction to the Cases of the Authorized Economic Operator Status and of the FC 82
3.5 Literature Review 83
3.5.1 Literature Review: AEO Mechanism 83
3.5.2 The FC Mechanism and the Role of Pre-shipment Loading Notes in the Practice of Some African Countries 87
3.6 Methodology and Data Collection 90
3.7 Findings Discussion 91
3.8 Conclusions and Limitations/Further Steps 92
Bibliography 93
Chapter 4 The Relevance of Climate Change Related Risks on Corporate Financial and Non-Financial Disclosure in Italian Listed Companies 96
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Literature Review 99
4.2.1 Why Does Accounting and Disclosure on Climate Change Risk Matter? 99
4.2.2 A Legitimacy Theory Lens to Explain Company Responsibility for Climate Change 102
4.2.3 The Recommendation of TCFD: Principles for Effective Disclosure 103
4.3 Methodology and Data Collection 106
4.4 Findings and Discussion 112
4.5 Conclusion, Limitations and Further Steps 120
Bibliography 123
Chapter 5 Risk Assessment and Environmental Impacts: Economic and Social Implications 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 General Background 128
5.3 Literature Review 131
5.4 Methodology 136
5.5 Conclusion and Limitations 142
5.6 Further Steps 143
Bibliography 145
Chapter 6 Environmental Risk Management (ERM) Through a Kaleidoscope Theoretical Approach 148
6.1 Introduction 148
6.2 Understanding the Theories 150
6.3 Methodology and Literature Review 154
6.4 Conclusions 158
References 161
Part II Public Sector and Health Management 169
Chapter 7 Risk-Aware Business Process Management: A Case Study in Healthcare 173
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Literature Review 175
7.3 Methodological Framework 177
7.4 The Blood Bank Case Study 178
7.5 Conclusions and Future Works 187
Bibliography 187
Chapter 8 Risk Management and Analytical Accounting Approach in Use of the HIV Rapid Tests in the Hospital: The Case of the Amedeo di Savoia 191
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Organization of the Service in Piedmont Region 193
8.3 Methodology and Case Study 196
8.3.1 Rapid Tests 198
8.3.2 The OraQuick Advance HIV 1/2 Rapid Test 198
8.3.3 The VIKIA HIV 1/2 Rapid Test 199
8.3.4 The Alere HIV Combo Rapid Test 200
8.4 Cost Analysis, Analytical Approach and Findings 201
8.5 Conclusion and Further Steps 206
Bibliography 207
Chapter 9 Priorities in Patient Safety: The Role of Clinical Risk Management 212
9.1 Introduction 212
9.2 Literature Review 214
9.3 Methodology and Data Collection 216
9.4 Findings Discussion 218
9.4.1 Results 218
9.4.1.1 Total Claims 218
9.4.1.2 Sentinel Events 218
9.4.1.3 Falls 221
9.4.1.4 Surgical, Therapeutic or Diagnostic and Invasive Procedures Errors 223
9.4.1.5 Healthcare Associated Infections 224
9.4.1.6 Reports 224
9.4.1.7 Incident Reporting 225
9.4.2 Discussion 225
9.5 Conclusion and Limitations/Further Steps 228
Bibliography 231
Chapter 10 The Data Quality for Healthcare: The Risk Management Tools 233
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Literature Review 235
10.3 Methodology 241
10.4 Results 242
10.4.1 Costs of the Health Entities in 2015 242
10.4.1.1 Clinical Features of Patients 242
10.4.1.2 2015 Balance 244
10.4.1.3 Average Costs Per Capita 245
Costs Therapies and Therapeutic Communities 245
Direct and Indirect Costs 245
Indirect Costs Per Capita 246
Average Costs of Human Resources 247
Average Costs Processing Processes 247
10.4.1.4 Activities in the Clinics and Costs of the Activities 247
Simple Performance 247
Indirect Costs of Services 247
Treatment Packages and Complex Treatments 250
Identification of Treatment Packages 250
10.4.1.5 Diagnostic Treatment 252
10.5 Conclusion 254
Bibliography 254
Chapter 11 How Can the Cartorisk Sham Method Boost Up the Risk Management in the Healthcare System of Piedmont? 259
11.1 Introduction 259
11.2 Literature Review 262
11.3 The Research Design and Methodology 264
11.4 The Sham Project 266
11.4.1 Method and Working Tool 266
11.4.2 The Gross Weighing of Risks 267
11.4.3 The Evaluation of Barriers 268
11.4.4 The Net Weighing of Risks 268
11.4.5 Actions for Improvement 269
11.4.6 Time to Perform the Analysis 270
11.4.7 Multidisciplinary 270
11.4.8 First Overall Outputs 270
11.4.9 The Weighing of the Risks Compared 274
11.4.10 The Strength of the Barriers Analyzed 274
11.4.11 Actions for Improvement 276
11.5 Conclusion and Further Steps 279
References 280
Chapter 12 How Pioneering Managers Strive to Integrate Social Risk Management in Government Debt Collection 283
12.1 Introduction 283
12.2 Literature Review 287
12.2.1 Stakeholder and Agency Theories as Lenses to “Read” the Risk Management in the Public Sector 287
12.2.2 System-Level Risks: Social and Environmental Risks 288
12.2.3 The Anti-Corruption Risk as a Driver to Integrate Process-Based Risk Management 290
12.3 Research Design and Methods 291
12.4 The SORIS Company 295
12.4.1 Organizational Structure, Activities, and Businesses 295
12.4.2 Customer Service: Intimately Rooted into Company’s Culture and Philosophy 297
12.4.3 Working Environment: Cohesion, Collaboration, Co-creation 298
12.4.4 Business Process Mapping to Prevent and Mitigate Operational Risks 298
12.4.5 Levels of Control and Risk Management 299
12.4.6 Strategic Risks: Reputational Risk 301
12.4.7 Strategic Risks: Operational Continuity Risk 303
12.4.8 Strategic Risks: Anti-Corruption and Compliance Risk 303
12.5 Conclusion, Limitations, and Further Steps 309
References 310
Part III Risk Management and Tax Consequences: From “Enhanced Relationship” to “Co-operative Compliance” 317
Chapter 13 Tax Risk Management and the Paradox of Cooperative Compliance 319
13.1 The Need for Tax Risk Management 319
13.2 Taxpayer Attitudes 320
13.3 Diversification of Risk Management Strategies 322
13.3.1 Taxpayer Education and Simplicity of Compliance 322
13.3.2 Reducing the Opportunities and Increasing Detection 323
13.3.3 Reinforcing Social Norms 323
13.4 Cooperative Compliance 324
13.5 The OECD View on CC 325
13.5.1 The 2008 Study into the Role of Tax Intermediaries 325
13.5.2 The Seven Pillars of Cooperative Compliance 325
13.5.2.1 Introduction 325
13.5.2.2 Understanding Based on Commercial Awareness 326
13.5.2.3 Impartiality 326
13.5.2.4 Proportionality 327
13.5.2.5 Openness (Disclosure and Transparency) 327
13.5.2.6 Responsiveness 328
13.5.2.7 Disclosure of Information 328
13.5.2.8 Transparency 329
13.6 Expectations About Benefits 330
13.6.1 Business’ Expectations 330
13.6.2 Tax Administrations’ Expectations 330
13.7 Mechanisms and Steps for the Introduction of Cooperative Compliance 331
13.8 Experiences with Cooperative Compliance 332
13.8.1 Study into the Role of Tax Intermediaries (2008) 332
13.8.2 Cooperative Compliance: A Framework (2013) 332
13.8.2.1 Introduction 332
13.8.2.2 Common Features and Challenges 332
13.8.2.3 Key Issues 333
Cooperative Compliance as Part of a Tax Compliance Strategy 333
Cooperative Compliance and Equality Before the Law 334
Cooperative Compliance and the Spirit of the Law 335
Managing Disputes Within Cooperative Compliance 336
13.9 The Importance of Tax Control Frameworks 336
13.10 How Can Tax Administrations Control the Process of Cooperative Compliance? 338
13.11 Evaluating the Value of Cooperative Compliance 339
13.11.1 How to Measure the Success of Cooperative Compliance 339
13.11.2 Costs of Cooperative Compliance for Tax Administrations 339
13.11.3 Indicators for Measuring Effectiveness 340
13.12 The Future of Cooperative Compliance 341
Chapter 14 Risk Management, Internal Control and Cooperative Compliance in Taxation 342
14.1 General Introduction 342
14.2 Corporate Governance, Risk Management and Internal Control 343
14.2.1 Corporate Governance: OECD Regulations 345
14.2.2 Risk Management, Internal Control and Taxation 348
14.2.3 Specific Guidance for a TCF: OECD, Accountancy Europe and What Is Missing 349
14.3 Cooperative Compliance, Including NL, UK, Australia, Singapore, Italy and ICAP 351
14.3.1 Introduction 351
14.3.2 Some Concrete Examples of Cooperative Compliance 352
14.3.3 Some Conclusions on CC and Risk Management in an International Context 356
14.4 CC and SMEs 357
14.5 Some New Developments Which Will Influence Taxation 358
14.5.1 Public Country by Country Reporting (CBCR) 358
14.5.2 Mandatory Disclosure 359
14.5.3 Technology 360
14.6 Concluding Remarks 362
Chapter 15 State Aid and Tax Rulings: Managing the Risk of Recovery 364
15.1 Overview: The Commission’s Inquiry on State Aid and Tax Rulings 364
15.2 The Risk of Recovery and the Protection of Legitimate Expectations: Open Issues Under Judicial Review 372
15.3 Measures of Tax Arbitrage and Procedural Flaws in the Issuance of Rulings Identified by the Commission’s Investigations 377
15.3.1 Transfer Mispricing 377
15.3.2 Mismatches in the Classification of Entities 382
15.3.3 Procedural Flaws 384
15.4 Managing the Risk of Recovery: A Matter of Tax Governance and EU Policy 386
15.5 Final Observations 390
References 392
Chapter 16 Tax Risk Management Between Tax Authorities and Large Companies: The Cooperative Compliance Regime 396
16.1 The New Relations Between Tax Authorities and Large Companies Based on the Cooperative Compliance Regime 396
16.2 Transparency and Cooperation in Corporate Governance: Entrusting Tax Compliance to the Ex ante Cooperative Dialogues 399
16.3 Tax Risk Management and Its Strategic Relevance in Corporate Tax Governance Models 404
16.4 Positive and Negative Aspects of the Cooperative Compliance Regime 406
Chapter 17 Assessing Tax Risk by “Country-by-Country Reporting” 410
17.1 Introduction 410
17.2 Tax Transparency to Fight Tax Avoidance: CbCR in OECD and European Law’s Experience 411
17.3 Transfer Prices Documentation and Country-by-Country Reporting for Multinational Companies in Italy 414
17.4 Comparing the Spanish Approach to CbCR with OECD, EU Law and Other Countries 421
17.5 Conclusion 424
Index 434