Research into Design for a Connected World (eBook)

Amaresh Chakrabarti is a Senior Professor and current Chairman for the Centre for Product Design & Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. He has BE (Mech Engineering, IIEST Shibpur), ME (Design of Mechanical Systems, IISc) and PhD (Engineering Design, University of Cambridge UK). He led for 10 years the Design Synthesis group at EPSRC Centre of Excellence the Engineering Design Centre (EDC) at University of Cambridge. His interests are in synthesis, creativity, sustainability, and informatics. He published 13 books, over 300 peer-reviewed articles, and has 10 patents granted/pending. He co-authored DRM, a methodology used widely as a framework for design research. He has been an Associate Editor for AI EDAM and Design Science Journals (both Cambridge University Press), Area Editor for Research in Engineering Design Journal, Regional Editor for Journal of Re-manufacturing (both Springer), and Advisory Editor for seven Journals including Clean Technologies & Environmental Policy (Springer), Journal of Engineering Design and International Journal of Design Creativity & Innovation (Taylor & Francis). He has been on the Advisory Board and Board of Management of the Design Society (an international peer society for design research); a member of the CII Design National Committee on Design India; member of the Jury for India Design Mark; and a member of the CII Smart Manufacturing Council India. He founded IDeASLab – India's first Design Observatory. He is the founding Programme chair for the International Conference Series on Research into Design (ICoRD), the 22nd CIRP Design Conference 2012, the 3rd International Conference on Design Creativity 2015 (3rd ICDC) and Vice-Chair for the AI in Design and Design Computing & Cognition Conferences. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Engineering Designers UK, the peer society under the UK Royal Charter in engineering design, and a TUM Ambassador Awardee from Technical University of Munich Germany. Fifteen of his papers won top paper awards in international conferences. He co-initiated India's first Smart Factory Laboratory platform. He also heads the IISc-TCS Innovation Lab at IISc and the IISc Press, as well as the Springer International Book Series on Design Science & Innovation. He received Careers360 Faculty Research Award 2018 for being the 'Most Outstanding Researcher' in Decision Sciences. He is the current Editor-in-Chief for the Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing (AI EDAM Journal, Cambridge University Press).

Sponsors 6
Conference Organisation 8
Steering Committee 8
Advisory Committee 8
Conference and Programme Chair 9
Co-chairs 9
International Programme Committee 10
Local Organising Committee 15
Preface 16
About the Conference 19
Contents 21
About the Editor 54
Design Theory and Research Methodology 56
1 Adaptation of Toulmin’s Model of Argumentation for Establishing Rigour and Relevance in Design Research 57
Abstract 57
1.1 Introduction: Design Research, Process, Outcomes and Assessment 57
1.1.1 Design Research 57
1.1.2 Design Research Outcomes 58
1.1.3 Assessment of the DR Outcomes 58
1.2 Toulmin’s Model of Argumentation 59
1.2.1 Argument and Argumentation 59
1.2.2 The Structure of a Practical or “Substantial” Argument 59
1.3 Key Aspects of Toulmin’s Model 60
1.4 Mapping the Components of Toulmin’s Model to Elements of Research 61
1.4.1 Application to Design Research Process and Activities 61
1.4.2 Methodology Neutral Mapping of the Elements 63
1.4.3 Guidance for Using the Model for Reflection and Self Evaluation 64
1.5 Discussion and Future Directions 65
References 66
2 The Ethno-Cultural Influences on “Assam Type” Building Typology—A Case of Barduwa, Assam 68
Abstract 68
2.1 Introduction 68
2.2 Methodology 69
2.2.1 Aim, Research Questions, Hypothesis 70
2.2.2 Data-Collection Method 71
2.2.3 Setting 71
2.2.4 Object 72
2.2.5 Coding and Analysis Method 72
2.2.6 Verification of Methods 73
2.3 Findings 73
2.3.1 Planning of Village 74
2.3.2 Organization of Activities 74
2.3.3 Neighborhood Schema 75
2.3.4 Elements of a Dwelling Units Given in Appendix A 75
2.3.5 Site Organization and Features 75
2.3.6 Assam-Type House Portions and Details Given in Appendix B 76
2.4 Results 77
2.5 Conclusion 78
References 79
3 Functional Correlation, Design Information Entropy, and the Dependency of Axiomatic Design Axioms 80
Abstract 80
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Design Space and Functional Space 81
3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 82
3.4 Design Information 84
3.5 Functional Correlation 85
3.6 System Determinant and Design Controllability 86
3.7 Discussion 89
3.8 Conclusions 89
References 90
4 Behaviour Progression Framework for Designing Sustained Behaviour Change 91
Abstract 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Service Design 92
4.3 Design for Behaviour Change and Ethics 93
4.4 Literature Review 95
4.5 Behaviour Progression Framework 97
4.6 Applying the Framework to Design a Case Study 99
4.7 Conclusion and Future Direction 101
References 102
5 Assessing Designers’ Perception, Analysis, and Reflective Using Verbal Protocol Analysis 103
Abstract 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Unconscious Interaction and Cognitive of Human Behavior (UICHB) in Everyday Product 104
5.3 Methodology 105
5.4 Results and Discussion 108
5.5 Summary 112
References 112
6 Assessing the Attributes of Unconscious Interaction Between Human Cognition and Behavior in Everyday Product Using Image-Based Research Analysis 114
Abstract 114
6.1 Introduction 114
6.2 Literature Review 115
6.2.1 The Attributes of UIHCB in Everyday Product 115
6.2.2 Image-Based Research Analysis 117
6.3 Methodology 117
6.4 Results and Discussion 118
6.4.1 The Results of Image Analysis 118
6.4.2 Respondents’ Evaluation of the Analysis of Images 121
6.5 Summary 122
Acknowledgements 123
References 123
7 Products and Services—Strangers or Siamese Twins? 125
Abstract 125
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 Methodology 126
7.3 Establishing Product and Service Characteristics 127
7.4 Case Study 1: Designing a Service for an Existing Product 128
7.5 Case Study 2: Designing a Product for an Existing Service 130
7.6 Observations 131
7.6.1 Mapping the Characteristics Without Any Abstraction 133
7.7 Conclusions and Direction for Future Work 134
References 134
8 Biomimicry: Exploring Research, Challenges, Gaps, and Tools 136
Abstract 136
8.1 Introduction 136
8.2 Methodology and Research Design 137
8.2.1 Methodology 137
8.2.2 Research Design 138
8.2.3 Applications of Biomimicry 140
8.2.4 Biomimetic Methodology 141
8.2.5 Tools and Methods 142
8.2.6 Research Challenges in Biomimicry 143
8.2.7 Research Gaps in Biomimicry 144
8.2.8 Conclusion 145
References 145
9 Cultural Domain Analysis for Soundscape Assessment 147
9.1 Introduction 147
9.1.1 Introduction to the Locality 148
9.2 Existing Approaches, Methods, and Tools 148
9.2.1 Measuring Perceptions 149
9.3 On Cultural Domain Analysis 149
9.4 Method 150
9.4.1 Free Listing 150
9.4.2 Pile Sorting 150
9.5 Analysis 152
9.6 Results 153
9.6.1 Cultural Domain Analysis 153
9.6.2 Thematic Analysis 155
9.7 Discussion 156
9.8 Future Work 157
9.9 Conclusion 157
References 157
10 An Overview of Futures Research for Designers 158
Abstract 158
10.1 Introduction 158
10.1.1 Current Relation Between Design and the Future 158
10.1.2 Way Forward 159
10.2 Definitions 159
10.2.1 Futures Research or Futures Studies 159
10.2.2 Design 160
10.3 Why Should Designers Look into the Far Future? 160
10.3.1 Enabling Better Decision-Making 160
10.3.2 Acknowledging Both Macro and Micro Environments 160
10.4 How Can the Future Be Studied? 161
10.4.1 Creating Images of the Future 161
10.4.2 Observing Dimensions of Change 161
10.4.3 Traces and Witnesses 162
10.4.4 Multidisciplinary Approach 162
10.5 How Can We Establish a Synergy? 162
10.5.1 Productive Thinking 162
10.5.2 Key Ingredients for Productive Thinking 163
10.6 Methodology 165
10.6.1 Step One: Collection (Gathering Information) 165
10.6.2 Step Two: Analysis (Creating Categories) 165
10.6.3 Step Three: Relation (Finding Interconnections) 166
10.6.4 Step Four: Synthesis (Creating Images) 166
10.6.5 Step Five: Reaction (Critiquing Images) 166
10.6.6 Step Six: Value Negotiation (Making Informed Final Judgments) 167
10.6.7 Step Seven: Action (Creating Actionable Plans) 167
10.7 Conclusion 167
References 168
11 Theoretical and Conceptual Discussions Towards Creative Lean Design Management in the Construction Sector 169
Abstract 169
11.1 Introduction 169
11.2 Background 170
11.2.1 Lean Design Management in Construction Research and Practice 170
11.2.2 Expectations of Innovation and Disruption in the Construction Sector 172
11.3 Conceptual and Theoretical Propositions for Future Research and Development 172
11.3.1 Convergence of Operational and Cognitive Iteration Cycles in Design 172
11.3.2 ‘Missed Opportunity’ as a Waste 173
11.3.3 Can Current Conceptions of Transformation and Flow Adequately Account for Radical Reformulation? 173
11.3.4 From a Theory of Constraints, Towards a Theory of Assumptions 174
11.4 Conclusion 177
References 178
12 A Theoretical Framework for Interactive Visual Narratives (IVN) 179
Abstract 179
12.1 Introduction to Interactive Visual Narratives (INVs) 179
12.2 Model for Storytelling 180
12.3 Theoretical Framework for IVN Environments 186
12.4 Conclusion 188
References 188
13 Study of Assamese Letterform and Its Structure: An Exploratory Approach 189
Abstract 189
13.1 Introduction 189
13.2 Literature Review 191
13.2.1 Kaitheli Style 191
13.2.2 Bamuniya Style 191
13.2.3 Garhgaya Style 192
13.2.4 Conclusion of Literature Review 192
13.3 Methodology to Study Historical Assamese Letterforms 192
13.3.1 Collecting Resources 193
13.3.2 Arranging Resources Chronologically 194
13.3.3 Exploring Writing Styles 194
13.3.3.1 Kaitheli Style 194
13.3.3.2 Bamuniya Style 194
13.3.3.3 Garhgaya Style 195
13.3.4 Comparing Styles and Patterns 195
13.3.5 Exploring Uniqueness 197
13.3.6 Findings 197
13.3.7 Proposing New Styles 197
13.3.8 Comparison with Modern Typeface 199
13.3.9 Review and Comments 199
13.3.10 Modification and Application 200
13.4 Discussion 200
13.5 Conclusion 200
References 201
14 Taxonomy of Jewellery Manufacturing Processes According to Root Processes 202
Abstract 202
14.1 Introduction 202
14.2 Method 203
14.3 Results 205
14.4 Discussion 208
14.5 Limitations 211
14.6 Conclusion 211
References 211
15 Proposal of a Model to Measure Diverse Factors Influencing Value Addition in Jewellery 213
Abstract 213
15.1 Introduction 213
15.2 Need for a Standardized Model to Measure ‘Value’ 215
15.3 Methodology for Listing Quality Parameters 215
15.3.1 Physical Factors Adding Value as a Result of Hand Work 216
15.3.2 Human Factors Adding Value as a Result of Hand Work 216
15.3.3 Association Between Material Factors and Value 217
15.4 Mathematical Model 218
15.4.1 Hedonic Functions for Pricing/Valuation 218
15.4.2 Proposition of Rational Valuation with Hedonic Estimation 218
15.5 Limitations 220
15.6 Conclusion 220
References 221
16 Contrasting Divergent and Convergent Thinking by Electroencephalography and Eye Tracking 222
Abstract 222
16.1 Introduction 222
16.2 The Experiment: Methodology, Equipment, and Setting 224
16.2.1 Participants 224
16.2.2 Experimental Task and Conditions 225
16.2.3 EEG Data Acquisition and Quantification of Cortical Activity 226
16.2.4 Eye Tracking Data Acquisition and Quantification of Ocular Activity 227
16.2.5 Remaining Apparatus and Experimental Setting 227
16.2.6 Behavioral Evaluation 228
16.3 Results 228
16.3.1 Behavioral Results 228
16.3.2 Physiological Results 229
16.4 Discussion 229
16.5 Conclusion 230
References 230
17 Conceptual Intermediate Structures for Interaction Design in Complex Safety-Critical Systems 232
Abstract 232
17.1 Introduction: Challenges of Interaction Design in Safety-Critical Systems 232
17.2 Generic Mechanisms to Engage the Cognitive and Social Sciences in Design of Safety-Critical Systems—A Hypothesis 235
17.2.1 Example 1: Cognitive Work Analysis 236
17.2.2 Example 2: Core Task Analysis 238
17.3 Implications and Conclusion 240
References 241
Design Modelling, Simulation and Visualisation 243
18 Simulation of Falling Object Protective Structure Testing of Earth Moving Equipment Cabin 244
Abstract 244
18.1 Introduction 245
18.2 FOPS Testing Procedure According to ISO 3449 246
18.2.1 Definitions 246
18.2.2 Procedure 246
18.2.3 Acceptance Criteria 247
18.3 Experimental Work 247
18.4 Finite Element Analysis 249
18.5 Conclusion 253
Acknowledgements 253
References 254
19 Forecasting: Bayesian Inference Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation 255
Abstract 255
19.1 Introduction 256
19.2 Literature Review 258
19.3 Design and Underlying Concepts 259
19.3.1 ARIMA Model Forecasting 259
19.3.2 TBATS Model Forecasting 260
19.3.3 ETS Model Forecasting 260
19.3.4 BSTS Model Forecasting 260
19.3.5 Bagging Algorithm 261
19.3.6 Boosting Algorithm 261
19.3.7 Bayesian Model Averaging 262
19.4 Design Consideration 262
19.5 Simulation Procedure 263
19.6 Results and Evaluation Criteria 266
19.7 Summary and Future Work 266
Acknowledgements 267
References 268
20 Devising Product Design Architecture Strategies: Case of HEV Powertrain 269
Abstract 269
20.1 Introduction 270
20.2 Tools and Methodology 271
20.2.1 Powertrain Model 272
20.2.2 Calculation of Highest and Lowest Gear Ratio 276
20.3 Simulation and Result Discussion 277
20.4 Conclusion 278
Acknowledgements 278
References 279
Design Evaluation and Optimisation 280
21 Accessibility Evaluation of Three Important Indian Websites 281
Abstract 281
21.1 Introduction 282
21.2 Literature Survey 284
21.3 Methodology 285
21.3.1 Selection of Accessibility Tools 285
21.3.2 Selection of Pages in Website 286
21.4 Results 286
21.4.1 Cambridge Simulator and GOMS Model Based Evaluation 286
21.4.2 WCAG Evaluation Tools 289
21.5 Discussions and Conclusion 289
References 292
22 Design Optimization Tool for Development of Solar Photovoltaic System in Rural Household Context 293
Abstract 293
22.1 Introduction 294
22.2 Salient Features of the Proposed Design Optimization Tool 297
22.3 Design Methodology of Optimization Tool 297
22.3.1 GUI of Design Optimization Tool 298
22.3.2 Inputs 298
22.3.3 Results 300
22.3.4 Wiring Diagram of SPVHS 300
22.4 Conclusion 301
References 302
23 Effect of Form Design on the Thermal Behavior of a Modular Fired Clay Brick 303
Abstract 303
23.1 Introduction 303
23.1.1 Justification of Material Choice 304
23.2 Methodology 304
23.2.1 Theory 305
23.2.2 Process 306
23.2.3 Model Validation 306
23.3 Results and Discussions 307
23.3.1 Discussion 308
23.3.2 Conclusions 312
References 313
24 Game Design Frameworks and Evaluating Techniques for Educational Games: A Review 314
Abstract 314
24.1 Introduction 314
24.2 Game Design Frameworks 315
24.2.1 Educational Game Design 316
24.3 Evaluation Techniques 318
24.3.1 Heuristic Evaluation 318
24.3.2 User Testing 319
24.3.3 Cognitive Walkthrough 319
24.3.4 Stealth Assessment Test 320
24.3.5 Comparison of Evaluation Techniques 320
24.4 Conclusion 321
References 322
25 Application of Design Knowledge in Practice: Performance Evaluation of Single Operator Handheld Battery Powered Tea Harvesting Machine in Context to Tea Gardens of Assam 324
Abstract 324
25.1 Introduction 324
25.2 Conceptualisation and Design 326
25.3 Materials and Methods 328
25.3.1 Study Area 329
25.3.2 Method 329
25.3.3 Results and Discussions 330
25.4 Discussion and Conclusion 332
References 333
26 Product Innovation Index Using Linkograph Analysis 334
Abstract 334
26.1 Introduction 334
26.2 Exploring Where Possibly Innovation Resides in a Product 336
26.3 Linkographs Generated 337
26.3.1 Linkographs Developed for Envelope Making Chinese Made and Lab Made 339
26.4 Overall Results of Linkographs Developed 339
26.5 Conclusion 342
References 342
27 Optimization of Windows for Daylighting and Energy Consumption for South Facade in Office Building in Hot and Dry Climate of India 344
Abstract 344
27.1 Introduction 344
27.2 Literature Review 345
27.3 Methodology 345
27.3.1 Location and Climate Description 345
27.3.2 Building Model Parameters 346
27.3.3 Evaluation Criteria for Optimization 347
27.3.4 Simulation Process 347
27.4 Results and Discussion 347
27.4.1 Analysis of Screening Experiment Results 348
27.4.2 Analysis of Most Effective Parameters 351
27.4.3 Optimization 356
27.5 Conclusion 356
References 356
28 An Experimental Study of Human Decisions in Sequential Information Acquisition in Design: Impact of Cost and Task Complexity 358
Abstract 358
28.1 Introduction 358
28.1.1 Relevant Work 359
28.1.2 Approach 359
28.2 Behavioral Experiment Design 360
28.2.1 Experimental Task 360
28.2.2 Cost and Complexity Treatments 360
28.2.3 Payment Structure 362
28.3 Decision Models for Sequential Information Acquisition 362
28.3.1 Modeling the Decision to Choose Next x 362
28.3.1.1 Model (a) Lowest Confidence Bound 362
28.3.1.2 Model (b) Probability of Improvement 363
28.3.1.3 Model (c) Expected Improvement 363
28.3.1.4 Model (d) Conditional Expected Improvement 363
28.3.2 Modeling the Decision to Stop Search 363
28.3.2.1 Model (a) Fixed Sample Method (FSM) 364
28.3.2.2 Model (b) Constant Bound Method (CBM) 364
28.3.2.3 Model (c) Expected Improvement (EI) 364
28.4 Estimation of Behaviors from the Experimental Data Using Bayesian Inference 364
28.4.1 Bayesian Model Comparison 365
28.4.2 Results and Discussion 366
28.5 Concluding Remarks 367
References 368
Eco-design, Sustainable Manufacturing, Design for Sustainability 370
29 ‘ConcepTe’: Supporting Environmentally Benign Design Decision-Making at Conceptual Stage 371
Abstract 371
29.1 Introduction 371
29.2 Literature Review: Theory and Background 373
29.3 Prescriptive Study: Support Development 375
29.3.1 Realisation of the Actual Support 375
29.3.2 Limitations of the Actual Support 376
29.4 Descriptive Study: Evaluation of Actual Support 377
29.4.1 Evaluation Plan and Methodology 377
29.4.2 Results and Inferences 379
29.5 Conclusions, Limitations and Future Work 379
References 380
30 Investigation on the Performance of Copper-Coated 6061 Aluminium Alloy Electrode in Electric Discharge Machining 381
Abstract 381
30.1 Introduction 381
30.2 Experimentation 383
30.3 Results and Discussion 384
30.4 Conclusion 390
Acknowledgements 390
References 390
31 Design and Development of Affordable Tool for Metal Handicraft 392
Abstract 392
31.1 Introduction 392
31.2 Aim and Objective 395
31.3 Methodology 395
31.4 Overview of Hajo Brass Metal Handicrafts Cluster in Assam 396
31.5 Basic Manufacturing Process of Kalah 397
31.6 Concept Development for a New Tool for Beading Process 399
31.7 Conclusion 401
References 401
32 Measuring Sustainability of Development in Planned Hill Towns: A Case of New Tehri Town 403
Abstract 403
32.1 Introduction 403
32.2 Methodology and Data Presentation 404
32.2.1 First Stage—Study Area: New Tehri Town 405
32.2.2 Second Stage—Selection of Indicators 406
32.3 Results and Observations 408
32.4 Conclusions and Future Work 412
Acknowledgements 412
References 412
33 Development of a Framework Model to Explore the Remanufacturing Feasibility of Automotive Components 414
Abstract 414
33.1 Introduction 414
33.2 Literature Review 415
33.3 Methodology 417
33.4 Case Study 418
33.4.1 Development of Framework Model 418
33.4.2 Multi-grade Fuzzy MCDM Technique Used 418
33.5 Remanufacturability Assessment Using Hybrid MCDM Method 419
33.5.1 Results and Discussion 421
33.6 Conclusion 422
33.6.1 Future Scope of the Study 422
References 422
34 Socially Constructed Design in Context of Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Home System 424
Abstract 424
34.1 Introduction 425
34.2 Socially Constructed Design and Decentralized Energy 426
34.3 Context of Developing Countries: Kamworks Case Study 427
34.3.1 Socially Constructed Design Approach 427
34.4 Small-Scale Solar Home System and Developing Countries 428
34.4.1 Health 429
34.4.2 Education 429
34.4.3 Productive Usage of Decentralized Energy 429
34.4.4 Facilitating ICT Access 430
34.5 Relevance to Rural Indian Context 431
34.5.1 Study Done in Local Setup 431
34.6 Conclusion 433
References 433
35 Technology, Sustainability, and Consumer Expectation—New Ways of Thinking About Future Fashion 435
Abstract 435
35.1 Introduction 435
35.2 Fashion and Technology 437
35.3 Fashion and Social Media 438
35.4 Fashion and Consumer Expectation 438
35.5 Methodology 439
35.6 Result 439
35.7 Conclusion 442
References 443
36 Opportunity Areas for Industrial Designers to Explore New Applications of Product-Integrated Photovoltaics (PIPV) for Rural Communities of India 444
Abstract 444
36.1 Introduction 444
36.2 Industrial Design of PIPV for Rural India 445
36.3 Identification of Intervention Areas for PIPV Product Design in the Context of Rural India 446
36.3.1 Field Visits and Observations 446
36.4 Study of Current Interventions in PIPV 447
36.4.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs 449
36.4.2 Method of Study 449
36.4.3 Inferences from the Map 451
36.4.4 Application-Wise Categorization of PIPV Products 452
36.5 Conclusion 453
References 453
37 Exploring the Possibilities of Using Biomimicry to Improve the Thermal Behaviour of Walling Units 454
Abstract 454
37.1 Introduction 454
37.1.1 Biomimicry in Design 455
37.1.2 Choice of Building Unit—Walling 456
37.2 Thermal Behaviour 456
37.2.1 Factors Affecting the Thermal Performance 456
37.3 Biomimetic Inspirations for Better Thermal Behaviour 456
37.3.1 Organism Level—Weaver Birds Nest 457
37.3.2 Behaviour Level—Elephant Skin 459
37.3.3 Ecosystem Level—The Interaction of the Littorinid Snails and Its Immediate Surroundings 462
37.4 Conclusion 464
References 465
38 Redevelopment of Urban Flood Plains 467
Abstract 467
38.1 Introduction 467
38.2 Study Location: Bengaluru 469
38.2.1 Bengaluru Metropolitan Region 469
38.2.2 Growth of Bengaluru City 469
38.2.3 Population of Bengaluru 472
38.2.4 Watershed Areas in Bengaluru 472
38.3 Rational for Selection of Case Study Area 473
38.4 Delineation Study Area 474
38.5 National Green Tribunal Norms 476
38.6 Proposals 478
38.7 Conclusion 479
References 479
39 Design of a Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Based Solar-Powered LED Lighting System for Training and Empowering Rural Youth 480
Abstract 480
39.1 Introduction 481
39.2 Design Methodology 482
39.3 Discussion 485
39.4 Conclusions 488
References 488
40 First Step to Combine Bio-inspiration and Frugal Innovation: Application to a Container’s Village 490
Abstract 490
40.1 Introduction 490
40.2 State of the Art 491
40.2.1 Frugal Design 491
40.2.2 Bio-inspiration 492
40.3 Frugal Innovation and Bio-inspiration 494
40.3.1 Problematic 494
40.3.2 Comparison Between Bio-inspiration and Frugal Design 495
40.3.3 Proposition of a Frugal Bio-inspiration Method 495
40.4 Case Study 496
40.4.1 Presentation of the Case Study 496
40.4.2 Presentation and Application of the First Modified Step: Step 1? 497
40.4.3 Presentation and Application of the Second Modified Step: Step 5? 497
40.4.4 Presentation of the Third Modified Step: Step 7? 499
40.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 499
References 500
41 Social Sustainability of Online Instant Messaging Platform—WhatsApp 502
Abstract 502
41.1 Introduction 502
41.1.1 Research Background 503
41.1.2 Chosen Approach 503
41.2 Literature Review 504
41.3 Research Methodology 505
41.3.1 Interviews 505
41.3.2 Data Analysis 505
41.4 Findings and Results 506
41.5 Discussion 508
41.6 Conclusion 510
References 510
42 A Study on Consumer Awareness Towards Green Fashion in India 512
Abstract 512
42.1 Introduction 512
42.2 Literature Review 513
42.2.1 Green Fashion 513
42.2.2 Standardizations of Green Fashion 513
42.2.3 Environmentally Responsible Consumer Behavior 514
42.2.4 Eco-friendly Consumers and Their Beliefs 514
42.2.5 Search and Purchase Intention 515
42.2.6 Growing Acceptance of Green Fashion in Indian Society 515
42.2.7 Hypothesis Formation 515
42.3 Methodology 516
42.3.1 Sample and Data 516
42.3.2 Measures 517
42.3.3 Delimitation of the Study 517
42.4 Data Collection and Analysis 517
42.4.1 Demographics 517
42.4.2 Comprehension of the Term “Green Fashion” 518
42.4.3 Reliability and Validity 518
42.4.4 Hypothesis Validation 519
42.5 Findings and Conclusion 520
Appendix 521
References 522
43 Proposition of a Selection Matrix for Use of Nonconventional Materials in Jewellery and Ornamental Applications 524
Abstract 524
43.1 Introduction 524
43.2 Properties of a Gemstone 526
43.3 Need for Nonconventional Materials 527
43.4 Methodology for Development of a Selection Matrix 528
43.5 Result 529
43.6 Discussion 529
43.6.1 Lack of Universal System to Evaluate Properties of a Material 529
43.6.2 Selection Matrix 530
43.7 Application of Selection Matrix 532
43.7.1 Advantages 532
43.8 Limitations 532
43.9 Conclusion 532
References 533
44 An Ergonomic Assessment and Design Intervention on Mud-Transfer Activity in Brick-Making Industry, India 534
Abstract 534
44.1 Introduction 534
44.2 Mud-Transfer Activity 535
44.3 Methods 536
44.4 Results and Discussion 538
44.5 Design Validation 545
44.6 Conclusion 546
References 546
45 Indian Cultural Practices as a Manifestation of Environmental World View—An Exploration as a Tool for Environmental Stress Mitigation 547
Abstract 547
45.1 Introduction 547
45.2 Literature Review—Perspectives on EWV 548
45.3 Materials and Methods 549
45.4 Cultural Practices in India—Observations 550
45.4.1 Case 1: Planting Tulsi in Houses 550
45.4.1.1 Positioning in the House 550
45.4.1.2 Rituals Performed 551
45.4.1.3 Scientific Relevance 551
45.4.2 Case 2: Tying Cotton Thread Around Trees 552
45.4.2.1 Positioning 552
45.4.2.2 Symbolic Interpretations 553
45.4.2.3 Scientific Interpretations 553
45.4.3 Philosophical Interpretation in the Context of Environmental World View 553
45.4.3.1 Case 1: Planting Tulsi in Houses 553
45.4.3.2 Case 2: Cotton Thread Around Trees 554
45.4.3.3 Cultural Practices and Environmental World View 554
45.5 Result and Discussion—Cultural Practices as a Tool for Environmental Protection 554
45.6 Conclusion 555
References 556
46 Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of an Aloe Vera Gel Extractor 557
Abstract 557
46.1 Introduction 557
46.2 Materials and Methods 558
46.2.1 Collection of Samples and Machine Parts 558
46.2.2 Physical Properties of Aloe Vera 559
46.2.3 Design Consideration of the Gel Extractor 559
46.2.4 Machine Components 559
46.2.5 Operating Principle 559
46.2.6 Performance Evaluation of Extractor 561
46.2.7 Performance Indices 561
46.2.7.1 Speed of Cutting 562
46.2.7.2 Machine Capacity 562
46.2.7.3 Gel Yield (GY, %) 562
46.2.8 Splitting Test for Aloe Vera Leaf 562
46.2.9 Statistical Analysis 563
46.3 Results and Discussion 563
46.3.1 Physical Properties of Aloe Vera 563
46.3.2 Performance of the Aloe Vera Gel Extraction Machine 563
46.3.3 Cost Analysis 565
46.4 Conclusion 565
References 566
47 Sustainable Design Literacy: Developing and Piloting Sulitest Design Module 567
Abstract 567
47.1 Introduction 568
47.2 Sustainability Literacy Tests 568
47.2.1 Sulitest® 569
47.2.2 Sulitest® Design Submodule 569
47.2.2.1 Question 6 570
47.2.3 Results and Discussion 573
47.3 Conclusions 575
Acknowledgements 576
References 576
48 Voluntourism and Socially Responsible Design in Conflict 578
Abstract 578
48.1 Introduction 578
48.2 Voluntourism Versus Socially Responsible Design 579
48.2.1 Voluntourism and University Sector 579
48.2.2 Socially Responsible Design for Development 580
48.3 Methods 580
48.4 Yawal and Tribal (ST) Development, Maharashtra 581
48.5 NGO Sustainable Housing Project 582
48.5.1 Obscure Budgets and Revenues 582
48.5.2 Rhetoric of Development, Social Impact and Cultural Experience 583
48.5.3 Consultation not Participation 584
48.5.4 Failed Delivery of Ambitious Housing Plans and Objectives 584
48.5.5 Choosing Technologies and Materials: Ignoring the Local 585
48.5.6 Displaced or Ignored Livelihoods 587
48.6 Conclusions 587
References 587
Enabling Technologies and Tools (Computer Aided Conceptual Design, Augmented/Virtual Reality, MEMS, Haptics, Smart Technologies, IOT, Cobotics, etc.) 589
49 Technical Issues of Using BIM: East Indian Architects’ Perspective 590
Abstract 590
49.1 Introduction 590
49.2 Technical Issues of BIM Tools for Designer 592
49.2.1 Basic BIM 593
49.2.2 Advanced BIM 593
49.2.3 Customized BIM 593
49.3 Methodology Adopted 593
49.4 Results and Discussion 594
49.5 Conclusion 597
References 598
50 Future of OLEDs Technology in Wearable Textiles 600
Abstract 600
50.1 Introduction 600
50.2 Research Problem 601
50.3 Aim of Research 601
50.3.1 Choice and Morphology of Fabric 601
50.3.2 Vapor Deposition 603
50.3.3 Inkjet Printing Method 603
50.4 Active and Passive Displays 603
50.5 Methodology of Encapsulation and Mechanical Stress Testing and Water Vapor Transmission Rate Testing 605
50.6 Conclusion 608
References 608
51 True-Fill: A Prototype to Know Actual Fuel Filled at Petrol Pump Using Sensors for Common Indians 610
Abstract 610
51.1 Introduction 610
51.2 Literature Review 611
51.3 Methodology 612
51.4 User Study 613
51.5 System Ideation 613
51.5.1 System Framework 613
51.5.2 Working Principle of the System 615
51.6 Experimental Result 615
51.7 Conclusion 616
References 617
52 Diagnosing the Health of a Plant in a Click 618
Abstract 618
52.1 Introduction 618
52.2 Methodology 619
52.2.1 Habitat Study 619
52.2.2 Understanding the Problem 621
52.2.3 Understanding the User 621
52.2.4 Understanding the System 621
52.2.5 Insights from Study 622
52.3 Solution 623
52.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 624
Acknowledgements 626
References 626
53 A Wireless System for High Temperature and Heat Flux Sensing: Design and Analysis 627
Abstract 627
53.1 Introduction 628
53.2 Wireless System Design Objectives 628
53.3 Design Methodology 629
53.3.1 Design of Enclosure Housing 629
53.3.2 Selection of Wireless Technology 631
53.4 Model Formulation 635
53.4.1 Computational Design 635
53.5 Material Selection 635
53.6 Results and Discussion 636
53.6.1 Thermal-Structural Analysis 636
53.6.2 Cost Feasibility and Market Analysis 636
53.7 Conclusion and Further Work 637
References 638
54 LOCAL: Online Visibility for Local Shopkeepers Through Participatory Geo-information Systems 640
54.1 Introduction 640
54.2 Background and Motivation 641
54.3 Literature Review 641
54.4 Primary Studies 643
54.4.1 Field Study 643
54.4.2 Findings and Insights 643
54.5 Design 644
54.5.1 Conceptualization 644
54.5.2 Application Design 644
54.5.3 Web Exploration Tool 645
54.6 Prototype and Feedback 646
54.6.1 Prototype Development 646
54.6.2 Usability Evaluation 646
54.6.3 Feedback 647
54.7 Discussion 648
54.8 Conclusion and Future Work 648
References 649
55 Pre-surgical Visualisation Made Easy by 3D Printed Patient-Specific Heart Models 651
Abstract 651
55.1 Introduction 652
55.2 Method 652
55.2.1 Image Processing and Segmentation 654
55.3 Results 657
55.4 Conclusions 659
Acknowledgements 660
References 660
56 Collaborative Design of Mobile Interfaces for Vocational Building and Construction Education 662
Abstract 662
56.1 Introduction 662
56.2 Learning to Build in Australia 663
56.2.1 National Construction Code (NCC) and Sustainability 663
56.2.2 Sustainability in Vocational Education and Training 664
56.3 Learning and Workplace Practices 664
56.4 M-Learning Affordances for NCC Compliance 665
56.5 Methods 666
56.5.1 Approach 666
56.5.2 Design Process 667
56.5.3 Summarizing the Interaction Design Process 669
56.5.4 Failing the Fieldwork Interaction Design Test 670
56.6 Reflection and Conclusion 670
References 671
Design for X (Safety, Manufacture and Assembly, Cost, Reliability, Robustness, Social Interaction etc.) 673
57 PCB Inspection in the Context of Smart Manufacturing 674
Abstract 674
57.1 Introduction 675
57.2 Related Work 676
57.3 Our Methodology 677
57.3.1 Automatic Inspection 678
57.3.2 Template Based Inspection (Gerber File) 678
57.4 User Interface 679
57.5 Evaluation 680
57.6 Discussion and Conclusions 681
References 682
58 Design for Assembly Approach for Energy-Efficient Optimal Assembly Sequence Planning Using Improved Firefly Algorithm 683
Abstract 683
58.1 Introduction 684
58.2 Proposed Methodology 685
58.3 Results and Discussion 687
58.3.1 Contact Data 688
58.3.2 Material Data 688
58.3.3 Functionality Data 689
58.3.4 Relative Motion Data 689
58.3.5 Interference Data 690
58.4 Conclusion 692
References 693
59 Manual Width and Thickness Sizer for Bamboo 694
Abstract 694
59.1 Introduction 694
59.2 Process 695
59.2.1 Process of Making Handicraft 695
59.2.2 Problem Statement 696
59.3 Conceptualization and Design 698
59.4 Final Design 699
59.4.1 Functioning of the Product 700
59.4.2 Product Detail 700
59.4.3 Technical Drawings 700
59.4.4 Digital 3D Views 700
59.4.5 Working Prototype 700
59.5 Comparative Analysis 702
59.6 Results 704
References 704
60 Redesign of Indian Games: A Case Study of Traditional Indian Games Gilli Danda (Tip Cat) and Gatte ka Khel (Game of Five Stones) 705
Abstract 705
60.1 Introduction 706
60.2 Issues with the Indian Toys 707
60.3 Methodology 708
60.4 Selection of Toys 709
60.5 Introduction to the Games 710
60.5.1 Gilli Danda 710
60.5.2 Gatte ka Khel 710
60.6 Problem Identified with the Selected Traditional Games 710
60.7 Design Process 711
60.7.1 Brainstorming 711
60.7.2 Concept Selection 712
60.7.3 Concept 712
60.8 Point of Purchase 714
60.8.1 Branding 714
60.9 Discussion 715
60.10 Future Scope 716
60.10.1 Gilli Danda 716
60.10.2 Gatte ka Khel 716
60.11 Conclusion 716
References 717
61 Design of a Portable, Automated Sewer-Line Inspection and De-Clogging Sewer-Bot for Indian Conditions 718
Abstract 718
61.1 Introduction 718
61.2 Methodology 719
61.2.1 Problem Identification 719
61.2.2 Need for Maintenance 720
61.2.3 Stakeholders Mapping: Bengaluru Case Study 720
61.2.3.1 Problems Faced by the Stakeholders 721
61.2.3.2 Study Area: Bengaluru 722
61.2.3.3 Stakeholder Needs Analysis 723
61.2.3.4 User Requirements 723
61.2.4 Market Study: Competitors 723
61.2.4.1 Available Products in the Market 725
61.2.5 Outcomes from Market Study 726
61.2.5.1 Product Market Opportunity 726
61.3 Proposed Design 726
61.4 Conclusion and Future Work 727
References 728
62 A New Safety Design of the Ceiling Fan to Avoid Suicidal Cases 729
Abstract 729
62.1 Introduction 729
62.2 Proposed Methodology 730
62.3 Results and Discussion 733
62.4 Conclusion 737
References 737
63 Design and Development of a Semiautomatic Handloom in Alternative Material 739
Abstract 739
63.1 Introduction 739
63.2 Product and Literature Review 741
63.3 Feasibility Study 743
63.4 Design Concepts 743
63.4.1 Details of Alpha Model 744
63.4.2 Operational Aspects of Semiautomatic Handloom 744
63.5 Production Consumption Cycle 747
63.6 Human Factors 747
63.7 Conclusion 748
References 748
64 A Comparison of Practical and Computational Approaches to Design Modular Product Architecture for Products with Medium Complexity: A Case Study on Computer Numerical Control Machine 749
Abstract 749
64.1 Introduction 749
64.2 Literature Review 750
64.3 Methodology 751
64.4 Case Study and Results 752
64.5 Discussion 757
64.6 Conclusion 757
References 758
65 DOT: Design of a Space-Saving Furniture with Prototype-Driven Innovation Approach 759
Abstract 759
65.1 Introduction 759
65.2 Methodology 760
65.2.1 Shape-Shifting Phenomena in Nature 760
65.2.2 Shape-Shifting Phenomena in the Manmade World 762
65.2.3 Concept Generation 762
65.2.3.1 Phase 1 | Categorisation of Keywords 762
65.2.3.2 Phase 2 | Random Association with Found Objects 763
65.2.3.3 Phase 3 | Analysis of Random Association with Found Objects 763
65.2.3.4 Phase 4 | Prototyping for Concept Validation (Protocept Making) 764
65.2.4 Concept Selection 765
65.3 Product Detailing 766
65.3.1 Selection of Material 766
65.3.2 Joining of Side Panels and Cylindrical Bars 767
65.3.3 Selection of Hole Pattern 767
65.3.4 Assembly 768
65.4 Discussion 768
65.5 Future Scope and Conclusion 768
References 769
66 Experiential Design Intervention to Motivate Tourist Local Interaction and Connect with Unexplored Landscape—A Case Study of North Guwahati 770
Abstract 770
66.1 Introduction 771
66.1.1 Need 771
66.2 Literature Study 772
66.2.1 Concept of Place 772
66.2.2 Tourism 773
66.2.3 Travel Motivation: Push and Pull Motives 774
66.2.4 Experiential Tourism 774
66.2.5 Guwahati as a Place: North and South 775
66.2.6 Research Question 775
66.2.7 Aim and Objectives 775
66.3 Methodology 776
66.3.1 Survey 776
66.4 Results and Discussion 777
66.5 Conclusion 779
References 780
67 A Framework for Understanding the Context and Evaluating Solutions in Design for Base of the Economic Pyramid 781
Abstract 781
67.1 Introduction 781
67.2 Research Question 782
67.3 Methodology 783
67.4 Literature Review 784
67.4.1 Results 786
67.5 Discussion and Conclusion 789
References 789
68 Design Methodology for Elderly: Impact of Aging and Culture 792
Abstract 792
68.1 Introduction 792
68.2 Literature Review 793
68.2.1 Design Methodology 793
68.2.2 Elderly 794
68.2.3 Needs 796
68.2.4 Culture 796
68.3 Impact of Aging and Elderly on Design 797
68.4 Impact of Culture on Design Specific for Elderly 799
68.5 Discussion 800
68.6 Conclusion 800
References 801
69 Application of Existing Cultural Frameworks in the Design of a Cultural Place: A Case Study of Meghalaya 803
Abstract 803
69.1 Introduction 803
69.2 Methodology 805
69.3 Results and Discussions 806
69.3.1 Reliability Test of the Questionnaires 806
69.3.2 Demographic Data of Respondents 806
69.3.3 Analysis of Tourists’ Responses 807
69.3.4 Analysis of Natives’ Responses 809
69.4 Conclusion 812
References 814
70 Connected Us! How Social Motives Determine DIY Behaviorism in Rural Base of the Pyramid Communities 816
Abstract 816
70.1 Introduction 816
70.2 Theoretical Background 817
70.3 Methodology 819
70.4 Observations and Results 820
70.4.1 Discussion 824
70.5 Conclusion 827
References 827
71 Applying Voronoi Structures to Artefacts for Style and Strength 829
Abstract 829
71.1 Introduction 829
71.2 History 830
71.3 Voronoi Diagram Creation 830
71.4 2D Voronoi Diagram to 3D Voronoi Structure 832
71.5 Results 837
71.6 Conclusions 838
References 840
72 An Integrated Development Process for Stiffened Shell Lightweight Structures 842
Abstract 842
72.1 Introduction 842
72.2 Development Problem and Applied Methods 843
72.3 Reference Procedural Models 845
72.4 Integrated Development 847
72.5 Conclusions 850
Acknowledgements 850
References 850
Application of Design Knowledge in Practice (Automotive, Aerospace, Biomedical Devices, etc.) 852
73 Modelling-Integrated Product Architectures: An Aero Engine Component Example 853
Abstract 853
73.1 Introduction 853
73.2 The Architecture Description Concepts 855
73.2.1 Functions, Sections and Manufacturing Splits 855
73.2.2 Graphs 856
73.2.3 Composition of Relations 857
73.2.4 EF-M Trees 858
73.2.5 Centralities 858
73.2.6 The Integrated Architecture Description Method 859
73.3 Architectural Description of an Engine Structure 859
73.3.1 Overall GF-GS Description 859
73.3.2 Detailed Description of a Function 861
73.3.3 Detailed Description of a Section 862
73.3.4 Design Implications 863
73.3.5 Software 863
73.4 Conclusion 863
References 864
74 Perceived Quality Estimation by the Design of Discrete-Choice Experiment and Best–Worst Scaling Data: An Automotive Industry Case 865
Abstract 865
74.1 Introduction 866
74.2 Background 867
74.2.1 Perceived Quality as a Part of Product Quality Models 867
74.2.2 Perceived Quality Framework (PQF) 868
74.2.3 Perceived Quality Attributes Importance Ranking Method (PQAIR) 868
74.3 Methodology and Design 870
74.3.1 DCE Design 870
74.3.2 BWS Design 870
74.4 Results and Discussion 871
74.4.1 DCE Results 872
74.4.2 BWS Experiment Results 873
74.4.3 PQAIR Method Estimation 874
74.5 Conclusions and Future Work 875
References 875
75 Multi-utility Fantasy Bed: Experimental Design 877
Abstract 877
75.1 Introduction 877
75.2 Literature Review 878
75.3 Research Gap 879
75.4 Aim 879
75.5 Methods 879
75.6 Results and Discussions 880
75.6.1 Bed: General Description 880
75.6.2 Limitations in Existing Bed Designs 882
75.6.3 Multi-function Concepts: An Overview 882
75.6.4 Detailed Description of Individual Functional Modules 882
75.6.4.1 Back Support with Storage Rack & Other Accessories
75.6.4.2 Foldable Table Mechanism 884
75.6.4.3 Elbow Rest 886
75.6.4.4 Sense of Privacy/Exclusivity Through ‘Cocooning’ Effect 887
75.6.5 Aesthetics and Uniqueness 887
75.6.6 Modular Concept 888
75.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 891
References 891
76 Methodologies to Achieve Highest CO2 Emission Reduction in Automotive Systems to Meet Global CAFE/CAFC Norms 893
Abstract 893
76.1 Introduction 894
76.2 Overview of Friction Reduction in PCU 895
76.3 Piston Technologies for Friction Reduction 896
76.3.1 Gasoline Engines 896
76.3.2 Diesel Engines 897
76.4 Piston Pin Coatings for Friction Reduction 898
76.5 Piston Ring Technologies for Friction Reduction 899
76.5.1 Top Ring 901
76.5.2 Oil Control Ring (OCR) 901
76.6 Conclusions 902
References 903
77 A Strategic Approach Towards Form and Design Development of Bikers Shoes for Indian Market 904
Abstract 904
77.1 Introduction 904
77.2 Design and Modelling 905
77.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics 906
77.4 Results and Discussion 908
77.5 Sample Prototype 910
77.6 Conclusion 911
References 911
78 A Review of the Agricultural Tools and Implements of the Northeastern Region of India from Design Perspective 913
Abstract 913
78.1 Introduction 913
78.2 Methodology 914
78.3 Tools and Equipment Used in Terrace Cultivation 914
78.3.1 Forest and Vegetation Clearing Tools 914
78.3.2 Land and Soil Preparation Tools 917
78.3.3 Harvesting Tools 918
78.3.4 Storage and Post-harvest Devices 920
78.4 Observation and Result of the Study 921
References 922
79 Conceptual Design and Evaluation of a Novel Self-transfer-Assistive Device 923
Abstract 923
79.1 Introduction 923
79.2 Objectives 924
79.3 Research Methodology 924
79.4 Materials and Methods 925
79.4.1 Data Collection 925
79.4.2 Data Analysis 926
79.5 Design Synthesis of a Proposed Mechanism 928
79.6 Result and Discussion 931
79.7 Conclusions 932
References 932
80 Application of Waterfall Design Process in Designing of a Holistic System for Children with Hearing Impairment in Resource-Constrained Settings 933
Abstract 933
80.1 Introduction 934
80.2 Design Methodology 935
80.2.1 List of Requirements 935
80.2.2 List of Interpreted Problems 936
80.2.3 Collation and Grouping of User Needs 936
80.2.4 Need Screening 937
80.2.5 Area of Focus 938
80.3 Conceptual Design 938
80.4 Concept Screening and Analysis 939
80.4.1 Architecture of the Selected Concept 940
80.4.2 Proposed Circuit Diagram of the Hearing Aid 940
80.5 User Interface Design of the PoC Smartphone Application 943
80.6 Results and Discussion 943
80.6.1 Future Work 944
Acknowledgements 944
References 944
81 Design and Development of Drop Centre Axle for 2WD Tractor 945
Abstract 945
81.1 Introduction 945
81.2 Materials and Methods 946
81.2.1 Selection of Tractor and Its Specification 946
81.2.2 Weight Distribution in 2WD Tractor 947
81.2.3 Determination of CG Height of Tractor 948
81.2.4 Design of Drop Centre Axle 948
81.2.5 Analysis Using ANSYS Tool 951
81.2.6 Criteria for Selection of Designed Axle 951
81.3 Results 952
81.3.1 Height of Tractor’s CG 952
81.3.2 Static Structural Analysis of Axles 952
81.3.3 Developed Drop Centre Axle and Its Installation 954
81.4 Discussion 955
81.5 Benefits of Drop Front Axle 956
81.6 Conclusion 956
Acknowledgements 956
References 957
82 Kids on Board?! Rethinking Safety and Comfort of Kids in School Vans 958
Abstract 958
82.1 Introduction 959
82.2 Research Gap Findings 960
82.2.1 Case Studies 963
82.3 Problem Identification and Solutions 964
82.3.1 Seating Layout 964
82.3.2 Safety—Seat Belt 967
82.3.3 Seat Design 967
82.4 Conclusions 969
Acknowledgements 969
83 Patient-Centered Design in a Connected Healthcare World: A Case Study 970
Abstract 970
83.1 Introduction 970
83.2 Design Thinking in Medical Field 971
83.3 Human Factors Engineering 972
83.4 Medical Design Anthropology 972
83.5 Experience-Based Design 972
83.6 Patient-Centric Design 973
83.7 Design Methodologies 973
83.8 Case Studies: Glucose Monitoring 974
83.8.1 Laboratory-Based Blood Glucose Testing 975
83.8.2 Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) 975
83.8.3 Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) 976
83.8.4 Smart CGM 976
83.8.5 Automatic Drug Delivery 976
83.8.6 Connected Diabetic Care 976
83.9 Future Scope 978
83.10 Conclusion 978
Acknowledgements 978
References 978
84 Investigation into the Application of Liquid CO2 and MQL for CNC Turning of Al Alloy 3055 980
Abstract 980
84.1 Introduction 981
84.2 Experimental Planning 982
84.2.1 Experimental Setup 982
84.2.2 Results 983
84.3 Analysis 984
84.3.1 Analysis for MRR at Various Cutting Environments 985
84.3.2 Analysis of Chip Thickness at Various Cutting Environments 987
84.3.3 SEM Analysis of Chip 988
84.4 Conclusion 990
References 990