Entrepreneurial, Innovative and Sustainable Ecosystems (eBook)

João Leitão is assistant professor at UBI, lecturing on entrepreneurship and economics for undergraduate and graduate economics, engineering, communication sciences, marketing and management students since October 1, 1999. He is associate researcher of the CEG-IST, University of Lisbon and Professor Vinculado at the Instituto Multidisciplinar de Empresa, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain. He is co-author of fourteen books on benchmarking, human capital, clusters, cooperation networks, public private partnerships, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, firm growth, innovation and competitiveness. He won the Best Paper Award of the Interdisciplinary European Conference in Entrepreneurial Research – IECER 2012. His work has been published in several indexed journals, such as, Research Policy, Industrial and Corporate Change, Service Industries Journal, Journal of Intellectual Capital, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, International Journal of Technology Management, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, International Review on Public and non-Profit Marketing, International Journal of Business Excellence, International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialization, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, South African Journal of Information Management, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Actual Problems of Economics and Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais. He is member of several editorial boards, namely, Journal of Small Business Management, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management, Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais, Revista Portuguesa e Brasileira de Gestão and Revista Portuguesa de Marketing. His research interests include: entrepreneurship; innovation; public policies; and regional policy.Helena Alves is associate professor at UBI, Portugal. She has a Ph.D. in Management and she has been doing research in the area of public and nonprofit marketing. Her areas of expertise include Customer Satisfaction, Services marketing, Tourism marketing and public and nonprofit marketing having authored and co-authored several articles and book chapters on this topics. Currently she is editor of the International Review on Public and nonprofit marketing. She is member of several editorial boards, namely, the Service Industries Journal, the International Journal of Business Excellence, Service Business, Contemporary Research on Organization Management and Administration, Journal of Service Science and Management, Portuguese Marketing Review among others. She has published some articles in The Service Industries Journal, Total Quality Management, International Review on Public and non-Profit Marketing, Management Decision, Journal of Educational Management, and Services Business, among others. She is president for Portugal of the International Association on Public and Nonprofit Marketing.Norris Krueger is passionately interested in how we grow entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial communities. He was a pioneer in researching entrepreneurial ecosystems and has been an invited expert on the topic for the OCED and EU and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. He has organized and led high level academic symposia and high-impact practitioner workshops. Norris is also known for his research into the entrepreneurial mindset, the most-cited author on entrepreneurial intentions (see Google Scholar) which has led him to studying neuroentrepreneurship and its implications for entrepreneurial learning and education. He is a passionate, award-winning educator. He is also a past officer of ICSB and a current officer on the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management. He is Associate Editor and reviewer for multiple journals, most notably Journal of Small Business Management.Jacob Park is Professor of Strategy, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship at Green Mountain College in Vermont (USA) specializing in social and environmental innovation, entrepreneurship, and management with a special expertise/interest in emerging economies in Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Caribbean regions. He is Associate Editor of the Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and South Asia Global Business Research Journal and serves on the editorial boards of and Business Strategy and the Environment and Journal of Corporate Citizenship. His book, “Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Political Economy of Sustainability”, was published in 2008 by Routledge and “Ecology of the New Economy: Sustainable Transformation of Global Information Technology, Communication, and Electronics Industries” was published in 2002 by Greenleaf Publishing. He serves on and contributes to a wide range of international scientific, environmental, and market development efforts, including as the UNEP Global Environment Outlook 6 Regional Coordinating Lead Author (North America) and as the Renewable Energy and Adaptation to Climate Technologies Investment Committee member of Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund, Nairobi, Kenya-based $150 million sustainable investment fund.

Preface 6
References 12
Contents 13
Part I: Ecosystems’ Entrepreneurial, Innovative and Sustainable Dimensions (EISE) 15
Chapter 1: Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Regional Growth Regimes 16
1.1 Different Patterns of Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Economic Well-Being 16
1.2 Regional Growth Regimes 17
1.2.1 What Is a Regional Growth Regime? 17
1.2.2 Entrepreneurship and Development: Four Types of Regional Growth Regimes 18
1.3 Characteristics of the Four Growth Regime Types: Hypotheses 19
1.3.1 The Regional Knowledge Base and the Quality of Start-Up 20
1.3.2 Regional Industry Structure 21
1.3.3 General Regional Entrepreneurial Environment 22
1.3.4 Summarizing the Hypotheses 22
1.4 Data Issues 25
1.4.1 Data Sources and Classification into Regime Types 25
1.4.2 The Spatial Distribution of Growth Regime Types 26
1.5 Empirical Analysis of Regional Growth Regime Characteristics 27
1.5.1 Variables 27
1.5.2 Characteristics of Regional Growth Regimes: T-tests of Equal Means 29
1.5.3 Multivariate Analyses of Regime-Type Characteristics 30
1.5.3.1 Methodology 30
1.5.3.2 Pairwise Comparison of Characteristics of Regional Growth Regimes 32
1.6 The Development of Growth Regimes over Time 34
1.6.1 Transition Probabilities 34
1.6.2 How Persistent Are Regional Growth Regimes? 35
1.7 Critical Points in the Development of the Growth Regime Life Cycle 37
1.8 Implications for Policy and for Further Research 39
Appendix 40
References 45
Chapter 2: Local Government Aimed at Quality of Life in Sustainable Cities 48
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Sustainable Development as a Base 50
2.3 The City: An Urban Ecosystem? 52
2.4 Local Government and Sustainability 53
2.5 Sustainable Cities and Quality of Life 58
2.6 Conclusion 63
References 65
Chapter 3: The Contribution of Smart Cities to Quality of Life from the View of Citizens 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Literature Review 68
3.2.1 Smart Cities Dimensions 68
3.2.2 Quality of Life in Smart Cities 71
3.2.3 Citizens as Key Actors on Smart Cities 72
3.3 Methodology 73
3.3.1 Sample 73
3.3.2 Procedure 73
3.4 Results 74
3.5 Conclusions 76
References 77
Chapter 4: Expanding Entrepreneurial, Innovative and Sustainable (EIS) Ecosystems: A Cultural-­Historical Activity Theory Perspective 79
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Literature Review and Motivation 82
4.2.1 Entrepreneurial, Innovative and Sustainable Ecosystems 82
4.2.2 Limitations of Current Models 83
4.3 EIS Ecosystems as Multi-interactive Activity Systems: A New Conceptual Framework 85
4.3.1 Activity Systems 85
4.3.2 Object of the Activity System 86
4.3.3 Subject of the Activity System 86
4.3.4 Tools of the Activity System 87
4.3.5 Community, Rules and Division of Labour of the Activity System 88
4.3.6 EIS Ecosystems as Multi-interactive Activity Systems 89
4.3.7 Contradictions, Learning and Expansion of EIS Ecosystems 91
4.4 Activity System Analysis for Analysing and Supporting EIS Ecosystems 94
4.4.1 Analysing and Supporting EIS Ecosystems Through the Learning Cycle 95
4.5 Discussion 96
References 98
Chapter 5: Product Innovation as Territory Sustainability Added Value: The Case Study of Douro Skincare 102
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Literature Review 103
5.2.1 Smart Specialization Strategy 103
5.2.2 Product Innovation, Sustainability, and Added Value 105
5.2.3 Tourism and TIPs 106
5.2.4 Brand and Marketing Linked with Regional Products 107
5.3 Methodology 108
5.4 Case Study 110
5.4.1 Brief Description of Douro Skincare 111
5.4.2 Process of Business and Product Creation and RIS3 111
5.4.3 Relation Between Product Innovation and Territory Sustainability and Added Value 113
5.4.4 Realize the Relation Between TIPs and Tourism 114
5.4.5 Understand How They Develop the Brand and Their Relation with the Region 115
5.4.6 Future and Challenges 116
5.5 Discussion of Results and Concluding Remarks 117
References 118
Chapter 6: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Ecosystem’s Drivers: The Role of Higher Education Organizations 120
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Theoretical Framework 122
6.3 Methodology 124
6.3.1 Case Study Approach 124
6.3.2 Understanding the Mexican Entrepreneurship and Innovation Strategies 126
6.4 Results and Discussions 127
6.4.1 Mexican Innovation Ecosystem 127
6.4.1.1 National Council for Science and Technology 128
6.4.1.2 Government 129
6.4.1.3 Industry 129
6.4.1.4 Higher Education Organizations 130
6.4.2 Mexican Entrepreneurship Ecosystem 130
6.4.2.1 Chambers of Commerce 131
6.4.2.2 Capital Funds 131
6.4.2.3 Higher Education Organizations 132
6.4.2.4 Incubators and Accelerators 132
6.4.2.5 Government 132
6.4.3 The Role of Higher Education Organizations as Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Activities in Mexico 133
6.5 Conclusion 134
References 136
Chapter 7: Commercialisation Journey in Business Ecosystem: From Academy to Market 140
7.1 Introduction 140
7.2 Literature Review 141
7.2.1 Overview 141
7.2.2 Commercialisation Context: The Business Ecosystem 141
7.2.3 Commercialisation Path: The Related Research Fields 142
7.2.4 Integration of the Literature 144
7.3 Methodology 146
7.3.1 Overview 146
7.3.2 Case Study Design 147
7.3.3 Phases of the Research 147
7.4 Case Study 148
7.4.1 Background 148
7.4.2 Data Gathering 149
7.4.2.1 Reports 149
7.4.2.2 Interviews 149
7.4.2.3 Participation 151
7.5 Results 151
7.5.1 Comparison of Areas of Literature with Practical Concerns in the Case Study 151
7.5.2 Comparison of the Commercialisation Timeline 152
7.5.3 Future Projections 154
7.5.4 Key Stages Observed in the Practical Commercialisation Process 154
7.5.5 Dissecting Commercialisation Process by Derived Four-­Stage Process 155
7.6 Discussion 157
7.7 Conclusion 158
References 159
Part II: Benchmarking Cases 160
Chapter 8: Creating a Supportive Entrepreneurial Ecosystem for Street Vendors: The Case of the National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) 161
8.1 Introduction 162
8.2 The Profile of Street Vendors 164
8.3 The Formation of NASVI 166
8.4 Building the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem for Street Vendors 167
8.5 Outcomes 172
8.5.1 Greater Legitimacy Established 172
8.5.2 Enhanced Access to Credit 173
8.5.3 Enhanced Access to Training 173
8.5.4 Better Knowledge of and Access to Markets 174
8.6 Discussion and Review 174
8.7 Summary and Conclusion 176
Annexure 1 177
Elements of National Policy for Urban Street Vendors 177
Annexure 2 178
Elements of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act 178
Annexure 3 180
References 181
Chapter 9: Sustainable Ecosystems Through Indigenous Social Enterprises 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprises 184
9.3 Methodology 185
9.4 Results 186
9.4.1 Accountability and Transparency 187
9.4.2 Legitimacy 188
9.4.3 Equality 190
9.4.4 Participatory Organizational Structure 191
9.4.5 Sustainable Social Innovation 193
9.4.6 Entrepreneurial Orientation 194
9.5 Discussion 195
9.5.1 Building a Sustainable Ecosystem 195
References 198
Chapter 10: Re-imagining the Forest: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Development for Finnish Cellulosic Materials 200
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 Literature 202
10.3 Research Methodology 206
10.4 The Finnish Cellulose Entrepreneurship Ecosystem 207
10.4.1 Context of the CEE 207
10.4.2 Emergence of the CEE: Phases of Community, Transitions, Roles and Processes 209
10.4.2.1 Phases of Community 209
10.4.2.2 Dream Phase 210
10.4.2.3 Transition from Dream to Inquiry Phase 212
10.4.2.4 Transition from Inquiry to Commerce Phase 214
10.5 Conclusions and Implications 217
References 220
Chapter 11: Sustainable Environmental and Social Practices in Companies in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil 224
11.1 Introduction 224
11.2 Sustainable Social and Environmental Practices and Quality of Life 225
11.3 Sustainable Social and Environmental Practices Established by Firms in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil 227
11.3.1 Environmental Practices 230
11.3.2 Social Practices 236
11.3.3 Difficulties for the Deployment of Sustainable Practices 238
11.3.4 Motivations and Benefits for the Implementation of Sustainable Practices 239
11.3.5 Synthesis of Results 241
11.4 Final Considerations 242
References 243
Chapter 12: Mapping an Entrepreneurial, Innovative and Sustainable Ecosystem Using Social Network Analysis: An Exploratory Approach of Publicly Funded Innovative Project Data 245
12.1 Introduction 246
12.2 EIS Ecosystems and Network Structure 248
12.2.1 Entrepreneurial, Innovative and Sustainable (EIS) Ecosystems 248
12.2.2 Network Analysis and Typologies of Resilience in Innovation Networks 250
12.3 Methodology 253
12.4 Results of Structural Analysis of Social Networks 253
12.4.1 The Algarve Innovation Network 253
12.4.2 Hierarchy and Homophily in the Innovation Network 256
12.5 Conclusion 259
References 260
Chapter 13: Corporate Social Responsibility and Total Quality Management: The Stakeholders’ Value Creation Debate Revisited 263
13.1 Introduction 264
13.2 Background 265
13.2.1 Corporate Social Responsibility 265
13.2.2 Total Quality Management 266
13.3 TQM and CSR as Sustainable Competitive Advantage Sources 268
13.3.1 TQM and CSR Through the Lens of RBV 268
13.3.2 Total Quality Management and Its Impact on Stakeholders 271
13.3.3 Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Impact on Stakeholders 272
13.4 Dual Strategic Approaches Based on TQM and CSR 275
13.4.1 Similarities Between TQM and CSR 276
13.4.2 Towards a Relationship of Complementarity Between TQM and CSR 277
13.4.3 Empirical Research on Strategic Approaches Based on Both TQM and CSR 279
13.5 Concluding Remarks 281
References 283
Chapter 14: From Broker to Platform Business Models: A Case Study of Best Practices for Business Model Innovation in Hybrid Interorganizational Partnerships 292
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Toward an Understanding of Business Model Innovation in Hybrid Partnerships 294
14.2.1 Hybrid Partnerships as Tools for Open Innovation 294
14.2.2 Business Model Innovation in Hybrid Interorganizational Partnerships 295
14.3 Context Description 297
14.4 Main Findings 297
14.4.1 The Broker Model Stage 298
14.4.1.1 Assumptions 298
14.4.1.2 Shortcomings 298
14.4.2 The Transition Stage 300
14.4.3 The Platform Model Stage 301
14.4.3.1 Assumptions 301
14.5 Discussion and Implications for Practice 303
References 308
Chapter 15: Development of an Innovation Ecosystem in a Fast-Paced Economic Environment: The Case of the Vodafone Open Innovation Program 311
15.1 Introduction: The Need for Innovation Across Industry Boundaries 312
15.2 Multi-Cross-Industry Innovation Initiatives and Innovation Ecosystems: Conceptual Aspects 313
15.3 Selection of the Case Example and Research Setting 314
15.4 Observations in the Case of the Vodafone Open Innovation Program 316
15.4.1 The Organizational Model of the Vodafone Open Innovation Program 317
15.4.2 Key Characteristics of the Organizational Model Derived from Case Analysis 320
15.4.3 Development of an Innovation Ecosystem 322
15.5 Conclusions 323
References 324