Composite Materials Engineering, Volume 1 (eBook)

Prof. Xiaosu Yi is the director of the National Key Laboratory of Advanced Composites at Beijing Institution of Aeronautical Materials. His major research fields include high performance structural composite materials, functional composite materials, materials process and engineering, and polymeric materials. Prof. Yi is the author or editor of more than 10 academic books and over 300 academic papers. He is a Member of the ACCM Council, IOC member of WRCAP; standing member of the Chinese Material Research Society and Chinese Society for Composite Materials; chief editor of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, Aviation Journal, and the Journal of Aeronautical Materials, among others.Prof. Shanyi Du, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, works at the Center for Composite Materials and Structures of Harbin Institution of Technology (HIT), where he is involved in education and research courses in mechanics and composite materials. His achievements include theories and methods for performance characterization and safety evaluation of composite materials. Prof. Du has authored or co-authored over 260 academic papers, as well as 10 monographs on mechanics and composite materials. Prof. Du is president of the Chinese Society for Composite Materials and executive councilor of the International Committee on Composite Materials (ICCM), member of the editorial committees of several international journals, such as Composite Science and Technology, ACTA MACHANICA SOLIDA SINICA, and the International Journal of Computational Methods. Prof. Litong Zhang, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, works in Northwestern Polytechnical University. She was engaged in research on aerospace ceramic and composites in the last 20 years, and completed a series of innovative research projects. She and her research group innovated manufacturing techniques in the field of continuous fiber reinforced silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites and established equipment systems with independent intellectual property rights. She received 26 national invention patents and the First Class Award for Technological Inventions of People’s Republic of China in 2004. Prof. Zhang has published more than 260 scientific papers and several books. She is the director of academic board at the National Key Laboratory of Thermostructure Composite Materials and vice-president of Chinese Society for Composite Materials.

Preface 5
Contents 7
Editors and Contributors 8
Abbreviations 11
1 An Introduction to Composite Materials 23
1.1 Introduction to Composite Science and Engineering 24
1.2 Surfaces and the Reinforcement–Matrix Interface 25
1.2.1 Fiber–Metal Laminates and Their Interface Structures 26
1.2.2 Mechanical Characteristics and Aging Behavior of the Interface Structures of FMLs 31
1.2.3 Interfaces of Fiber-Reinforced Resin Matrixes 34
1.3 Multi-scale, Multi-level Construction and Optimization of Composites 35
1.3.1 Composite Development and Controlled Conditions 36
1.3.2 The “Ex Situ” Toughening Technique and Its Origins 37
1.3.3 “Ex Situ” Liquid Molding 39
1.3.4 Multi-Scale and Multi-Level Optimization 42
1.3.5 Advanced Liquid Molding Resin Systems 45
1.3.6 Unity and the Struggle of Opposites of “Ex Situ” and “In Situ” Approaches 46
1.3.7 Summary and Prospects 47
1.4 Advanced Manufacturing Techniques 47
1.4.1 Definition and Development of Integrated Manufacturing Technology 48
1.4.2 Integration Technology of Textile Composites 49
1.4.3 Automated Tape-Laying (ATL) Technology 50
1.4.4 Preforming Technology of Integrated Structures 54
1.4.5 Virtual and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies 56
1.5 Development Trends of Advanced Composites 59
1.5.1 Development Trends of Low-dimensional Composites 59
1.5.2 Self-assembly Behavior of Low-dimensional Composites 60
1.5.3 Oriented Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Array/Polymer Matrix Composites 62
1.5.4 Function-Integrated Technology of Composite Structures 65
1.5.5 Modeling and Simulation Technology 73
1.6 Advanced Composites in National Economics and Defense 80
Acknowledgements 81
References 81
2 Fiber Reinforcement 84
2.1 Glass Fibers 85
2.1.1 E-Glass Fibers 88
2.1.2 AR-Glass Fibers 88
2.1.3 S-Glass Fibers 88
2.1.4 M-Glass Fibers 89
2.1.5 High Silica Glass Fibers 90
2.1.6 Specialty Glass Fibers 90
2.2 Carbon Fibers 91
2.2.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-Based Carbon Fibers 97
2.2.2 Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers 102
2.2.3 Rayon-Based Carbon Fibers 105
2.3 Ceramic Fibers 106
2.3.1 Alumina Fibers 109
2.3.2 Silicon Carbide Fibers 111
2.3.2.1 Chemical Vapor-Deposited (CVD) SiC Fibers 111
2.3.2.2 Pre-ceramic Polymer-Derived (PPD) SiC Fibers 113
2.3.3 Boron Nitride (BN) Fibers 123
2.3.4 Boron Fibers 125
2.4 Aromatic Polyamide Fibers 126
2.5 Aromatic Polyester Fibers 133
2.6 Heterocyclic Polymer Fibers 136
2.6.1 Polybenzoxazole (PBO) Fibers 136
2.6.2 Polybenzothiazoles (PBT) Fibers 140
2.6.3 Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Fibers 141
2.7 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Fibers 142
2.8 Characterization Methods for Long Fibers 146
2.8.1 Mechanical Characterization Methods 146
2.8.1.1 Monofilaments 146
2.8.1.2 Yarns 148
2.8.2 Physical Characterization Methods 149
2.8.2.1 Density 149
2.8.2.2 Electrical Resistivity 150
2.8.2.3 Coefficients of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Expansion 151
2.9 Whiskers 152
2.9.1 Ceramic Whiskers 153
2.9.1.1 SiC Whiskers 154
2.9.1.2 Si3N4 Whiskers 156
2.9.1.3 Potassium Titanate Whiskers 158
2.9.1.4 Aluminum Borate Whiskers 159
2.9.1.5 ZnO Whiskers 160
2.9.1.6 TiN Whiskers 161
2.9.2 Carbon Whiskers 162
2.9.2.1 Carbon (Graphite) Whiskers 162
2.9.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 163
References 168
3 Polymer Matrix Materials 172
3.1 The Performance of Composite Resin Matrixes 173
3.1.1 Thermal Resistances 173
3.1.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) 174
3.1.3 Mechanical Properties 175
3.1.4 Electric Properties 176
3.2 Characterization of Composite Resin Matrixes 177
3.2.1 Characterization of Curing Behavior in Composite Resin Matrixes 177
3.2.2 Characterization of Physical Properties in Composite Resin Matrixes 178
3.2.3 Characterization of Resin Thermal Resistance and Stabilities 180
3.2.4 Characterization of Composite Resin Matrix Electric Performance 183
3.2.5 Characterization of Composite Resin Matrix Mechanical Performance 183
3.3 High-Performance Phenolic Resin Matrixes 187
3.3.1 The Synthesis of Phenolic Resins 188
3.3.1.1 Linear Phenolic Resins 188
3.3.1.2 Thermosetting Resins 189
3.3.1.3 Innovation in Phenolic Resin Synthesis 190
3.3.2 Phenolic Resin Curing 192
3.3.2.1 The Curing of Thermosetting Phenolic Resins 193
3.3.2.2 Linear Phenolic Resin Curing and Curing Agents 193
3.3.3 Modification of Phenolic Resins 194
3.3.3.1 Toughening of the Phenolic Resins 195
3.3.3.2 The Structural Modification of Phenolic Resins and New Products 198
3.3.4 Progress in Phenolic Resin Composites and Processing Techniques 213
3.3.4.1 Resin Processing Requirements 214
3.3.4.2 Composite Processing Performance 215
3.3.4.3 Phenolic Resin Composite Applications [27] 215
3.4 High-Performance Epoxy Resin Matrixes 216
3.4.1 Synthesis of Epoxy Resins 216
3.4.2 Curing of Epoxy Resins and Curing Agents 217
3.4.2.1 Curing Reaction 217
3.4.2.2 New Curing Agents 218
3.4.3 Structures and Performance of Epoxy Resins 221
3.4.3.1 Diglycidyl Ether Resins 221
3.4.3.2 Poly-Glycidyl Ether Resins 224
3.4.3.3 Glycidyl Amine Resins 229
3.4.4 Epoxy Resin Toughening 232
3.4.4.1 Rubber Elastomer Toughening 233
3.4.4.2 Thermoplastic Resin Toughening 234
3.4.4.3 Thermal Liquid Crystal Toughening 236
3.4.5 High-Performance Epoxy Composites 237
3.4.5.1 High-Performance Epoxy Composite Properties 237
3.4.5.2 High-Performance Composite Applications 244
3.5 Bismaleimide (BMI) Resin Matrixes 245
3.5.1 BMI Physical Properties 246
3.5.1.1 BMI Monomers 246
3.5.1.2 BMI Curing 247
3.5.2 BMI Resin Modification 249
3.5.2.1 Copolymerization with Alkenyl Compounds 250
3.5.2.2 Binary Amine-Modified BMI 257
3.5.2.3 Thermoplastic Resin-Modified BMI 260
3.5.2.4 Epoxy Resin-Modified BMI 266
3.5.2.5 Cyanate Ester (CE)-Modified BMI 267
3.5.2.6 New BMI Monomer Synthesis 268
3.5.2.7 Processing Modification 280
3.5.3 BMI Application 282
3.5.3.1 Main Commercial BMI Resins 282
3.5.3.2 BMI Composites and Their Performance 285
3.5.3.3 BMI Resins and Their Composite Application 285
3.6 Cyanate Ester Resin Matrixes 290
3.6.1 Synthesis of Cyanate Ester Resin Monomers 291
3.6.2 Curing Reaction of Cyanater Ester Resins 295
3.6.2.1 Curing Reaction Mechanism 295
3.6.2.2 Curing Reaction Kinetics of the Cyanate Ester 297
3.6.2.3 Effect of Catalyst on the Curing Reaction 299
3.6.3 Cyanate Ester-Modified Epoxy and BMI Resins 305
3.6.3.1 Cyanate Ester-Modified Epoxy Resins 305
3.6.3.2 Cyanate Ester-Modified Bismaleimide Resin (BMI) 312
3.6.4 Cyanate Ester Resin and Its Composite Performances and Applications 315
3.6.4.1 Cyanate Ester Resin Structure and Performance 315
3.6.4.2 Cyanate Ester Resin Matrix Composite Performance and Applications 324
3.7 Thermosetting Polyimide Resin Matrixes 328
3.7.1 PMR Polyimide 330
3.7.1.1 Synthesis of PMR Polyimide 333
3.7.1.2 Performance of PMR Polyimide 339
3.7.1.3 Modification of PMR Polyimide 345
3.7.2 Acetylene-Terminated Polyimide 355
3.7.2.1 Synthesis of Acetylene-Terminated Polyimide 356
3.7.2.2 Curing of Acetylene-Terminated Polyimide 360
3.7.2.3 Performance of Acetylene-Terminated Polyimides 362
3.7.3 Polyimide Composite Application 367
References 370
4 Composite Structure Design and Analysis 374
4.1 General 374
4.1.1 Overview 374
4.1.2 Applications of Advanced Composite Materials in Aircraft Structures 375
4.1.3 Properties of Advanced Composite Materials 376
4.1.3.1 Structural Performance 376
4.1.3.2 Structure Design and Processing 380
4.1.4 Overview of Composite Structure Design and Certification 380
4.1.4.1 Design Essentials 380
4.1.4.2 Affordability of Composite Structures in Low-Cost Design and Manufacture 381
4.2 Requirements of Structure Design 382
4.2.1 General Requirements of Structure Design 382
4.2.2 Requirements of Military Aircraft Structure Design 382
4.2.2.1 Static Strength 382
4.2.2.2 Durability 383
4.2.2.3 Damage Tolerance 386
4.2.3 Requirements for Civil Aircraft Structure Design 388
4.2.3.1 Advisory Circular AC 20-107A “Composite Structure” 388
4.2.3.2 Differences from Military Aircraft Requirement 389
4.2.3.3 AC20-107A Conformity Requirements 390
4.3 Material Selection in Structure Design and Structural Processing 392
4.3.1 Principles of Structural Material Selection 392
4.3.1.1 General Principles 392
4.3.1.2 Property Data Sources 393
4.3.1.3 Evaluation of Replacement Materials 393
4.3.2 Environmental Effects of Material Performances 394
4.3.3 Selection and Use of Matrices and Fibers 394
4.3.4 Structural Processing Ability 395
4.3.4.1 Principles of Processing Method Selection 396
4.3.4.2 Typical Structure Processing Methods 397
4.4 Structure Design—Determination of Design Allowables 397
4.4.1 Allowables and Design Allowables 397
4.4.2 General Principles for Design Allowables Determination 398
4.4.3 Current Status 398
4.4.4 Approach to Increasing Design Allowables 398
4.5 Building Block Approach for Composite Structure Design Verification 400
4.5.1 Introduction and Philosophy 400
4.5.2 General Procedures for BBA Implementation 401
4.5.3 Boeing 777 Aircraft Composite Primary Structure Building Block Approach 403
4.6 Structural Design and Strength and Stiffness Analysis 404
4.6.1 Composite Structure Design Concepts 404
4.6.2 Laminate Design and Analysis 405
4.6.2.1 Ply Design Guidelines 405
4.6.2.2 Laminate Stiffness Analysis 407
4.6.2.3 Laminate Strength and Failure Analysis 417
4.6.2.4 Examples of Laminate Structure Design 422
4.6.3 Sandwich Structure Design and Analysis 425
4.6.3.1 Basic Design Concept of Sandwich Structure 425
4.6.3.2 Sandwich Stress Analysis and Strength Correction 432
4.6.4 Composite Structure Anti-crash and Energy Absorption Design 434
4.6.4.1 Aircraft Body Structure Crash Resistant Design Features 434
4.6.4.2 Composite Crash Absorption Component Design 435
4.6.4.3 Structural Design of Composite Crash/Absorption Floor 436
4.6.5 Analysis of Thick Cross-sectional Composite (Thick Laminate) 438
4.6.5.1 Features of Thick Cross-section Composites 439
4.6.5.2 3D Stress Analysis of Thick Composites 439
4.6.5.3 Determination of the Properties of Thick Composites 441
4.7 Analysis of Structural Stability 445
4.7.1 Stability Analysis of Laminates 445
4.7.1.1 Buckling Analysis of Rectangular Flat Plates 445
4.7.1.2 Analysis of Buckling and Crippling of Stiffened Stringer 451
4.7.1.3 Stability Analysis of Stiffened Stringer 461
4.7.1.4 Influence of Layering Order on Stability 463
4.7.2 Overview of Post-buckling and Post-buckling Strength Analysis 466
4.7.2.1 Characteristics of Post-buckling Analysis 467
4.7.2.2 Reinforced Laminates and Post-buckling Laminate Properties 468
4.7.2.3 Post-buckling Strength in a Project 470
4.7.3 Buckling Analysis of Sandwich Structures 476
4.8 Joint Design and Analysis 482
4.8.1 Characteristics of Composite Joints 483
4.8.1.1 Characteristics of Adhesively Bonded Joints 483
4.8.1.2 Characteristics of Mechanically Fastened Joints 484
4.8.1.3 Characteristics of Combined Bonded-and-Bolted (or Riveted) Joints 484
4.8.1.4 Principles for Selecting Composite Joint Methods 485
4.8.2 Adhesively Bonded Joints 485
4.8.2.1 Characteristics of Bonded Joint Design 486
4.8.2.2 Main Factors Affecting Adhesive Joints Strength 486
4.8.2.3 Adhesives 488
4.8.2.4 General Design Requirements for Adhesive Bonded Joints 493
4.8.2.5 Design of Thick Section Joints 498
4.8.2.6 Detailed Design of Composite Bonded Structure 499
4.8.2.7 Durability Design of Bonded Structures 502
4.8.2.8 Summary of Bonded Joint Analysis 502
4.8.3 Mechanically Fastened Joints 503
4.8.3.1 Design of Mechanically Fastened Joints 503
Characteristics of Mechanical Joint Design 503
Main Factors Affecting Mechanical Joint Strength 504
Design Basic of Mechanical Joints 506
Design of Riveted Joints 512
Fatigue of Mechanical Joints 513
4.8.3.2 Design of Main Load Carrying Joints 514
Characteristics of Multirow Fastener Joint Design 514
General Principles of Joint Area Design 515
4.8.3.3 Static Analysis of Mechanical Joints 517
Finite Element Analysis of Fastener Load Distribution in Mechanical Joints 518
Detailed Stress Analysis Methods 519
Semiempirical Methods 520
4.8.3.4 Checking Mechanical Joint Strength 523
Allowable Bearing Stress of Full Carbon Fiber Composites 523
Strength Checking of Single Fastener Joints 528
Strength Checking of Multirow Fastener Joints 529
4.9 Damage Tolerance and Durability 530
4.9.1 Overview 530
4.9.1.1 General Concepts 530
4.9.1.2 Composite Damage Tolerance and Durability 531
4.9.2 Evaluation of the Effects of Defects/Damage on Strength 532
4.9.2.1 Manufacturing Defects 532
4.9.2.2 Operational Damage 532
4.9.2.3 Evaluation on the Effects of Defects/Damage on Strength 533
4.9.3 Analysis of Durability and Damage Tolerance 535
4.9.3.1 Analytical Methods Applied to Damage Tolerance 535
4.9.3.2 Analysis of Durability 543
4.9.4 Measures to Improve Durability and Damage Tolerance 544
4.9.5 Characterization of Composite Damage Resistance and Damage Tolerance 547
4.9.5.1 Review 547
4.9.5.2 Complete Description of Damage Resistance, Tolerance and Knee Point 548
4.9.5.3 Characterization of Composite Damage Tolerance and Damage Resistance 550
4.9.5.4 Comparison Between the Recommended Method and the Traditional CAI Evaluation 551
4.10 Environmental Effects and Protection 552
4.10.1 Introduction 552
4.10.2 Environmental Design Criterion 552
4.10.2.1 Hygrothermal Environment 552
4.10.2.2 Physical Impacts 553
4.10.2.3 Aging Environment 554
4.10.3 Hygrothermal Environment Effect 555
4.10.3.1 Aircraft Service Environment in China 555
4.10.3.2 Prediction of Moisture Absorption Diffusion Behaviors 555
Theoretic Predictions 555
Moisture Absorption Experiments 558
4.10.3.3 Principle and Methodology of Accelerated Moisture Absorption 559
4.10.3.4 Influence of Hygrothermal Environment on Composite Performance 560
Influence of Hygrothermal Environment on Physical Properties of Composites 561
Influence of Hygrothermal Environment on Mechanical Properties of Composites 563
Influence of Hygrothermal Environment on Composite Failure Mode 575
Hygrothermal Stress Analysis 575
4.10.4 Hygrothermal Aging Response 576
4.10.4.1 Influence of Hygrothermal Aging on Composite Physical Properties 577
4.10.4.2 Influence of Hygrothermal Aging on Mechanical Properties of Laminates 578
4.10.4.3 Prediction of Composite Aging Effects 581
Physical Aging 581
Physical Aging of Polymers 581
Aging Response of Unidirectional Laminate 583
Aging Response of Laminate 584
4.10.4.4 Aging Test Results of Boeing Commercial Group 584
4.10.4.5 Accelerated Hygrothermal Aging Scheme for Fighter Aircraft and Test Results 586
4.10.4.6 Accelerated Hygrothermal Aging Spectrum for Transport Airplane and Test Results 589
4.10.5 Protection of Composite Structures in Corrosive Environments 591
4.10.5.1 Control of Corrosion in Composites 592
4.10.5.2 Galvanic Erosion Between Composites and Metals 595
4.10.5.3 Protective Coatings for Composites 597
4.10.6 Relationships Between Atmospheric Aging, Accelerated Atmosphere Aging, and Hygrothermal Aging and Recommendations 598
4.11 Impact Damage Tolerance Reliability of Composite Structures 602
4.11.1 Introduction of Structural Reliability Design and Analysis 602
4.11.1.1 General 602
4.11.1.2 Reliability Function 602
4.11.1.3 Structural Reliability 603
4.11.2 Types of In-Service Damage 603
4.11.3 Random Variables 603
4.11.4 Impact Threat Distribution 604
4.11.5 Cases and Solution Steps 606
5 Composite Property Testing, Characterization, and Quality Control 610
5.1 Guidelines for Composite Property Testing 612
5.1.1 Features of Property Characterization of Composites 612
5.1.2 Test Design and Classification 614
5.1.3 Test Program Planning 617
5.1.3.1 Test Property Selection 617
5.1.3.2 Test Method Selection 618
5.1.3.3 Population Sampling 620
5.1.3.4 Material and Processing Variation 622
5.1.3.5 Sample Preparation and Inspection 625
5.1.3.6 Moisture Absorption and Conditioning Factors 627
5.1.3.7 Non-ambient Testing Environments 634
5.1.4 Data Reduction 636
5.1.4.1 Data Outlier Screening and Processing 636
5.1.4.2 Data Normalization 638
5.1.4.3 Data Equivalence and Pooling 641
5.1.5 Requirements of Test Reports 642
5.2 Characterization of Mechanical Properties and Recommended Testing Matrices 642
5.2.1 Expression of Mechanical Properties for Material Screening 642
5.2.2 Expression of Mechanical Properties for Material Specification 645
5.2.3 Determination of Material Allowables and Recommended Test Matrices 647
5.2.3.1 Laminar Level Material Allowables and Quasi-isotropic Laminate Mechanical Properties Required by Structural Applications 647
5.2.3.2 Material Allowables Related to Structural Design 651
5.2.4 Expression of Material Equivalence Evaluation and Mechanical Property Testing Data 657
5.2.4.1 Material Alternatives 657
5.2.4.2 Scope of Material Equivalence 658
5.2.4.3 Material Equivalence Evaluation Methods 659
5.2.5 Evaluation of Ability to Withstand Impact 662
5.3 Characterization of Prepreg Performances 668
5.3.1 Advanced Techniques for Prepreg Characterization 668
5.3.1.1 Thermal Analysis 669
5.3.1.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 676
5.3.1.3 Gel Penetration Chromatography (GPC) 677
5.3.1.4 High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography 678
5.3.1.5 Rheological Analysis 679
5.3.1.6 Dynamic Dielectric Analysis 680
5.3.2 Characterization of Prepreg Physical Properties 682
5.3.2.1 Physical Description of Reinforcement 682
5.3.2.2 Resin Content 683
5.3.2.3 Fiber Content 684
5.3.2.4 Dissolvable Resin Content 684
5.3.2.5 Volatile Content 685
5.3.2.6 Inorganic Filler and Additive Content 685
5.3.2.7 Fiber Mass Per Unit Area 685
5.3.3 Characterization of Prepreg Processing Quality 686
5.3.3.1 Viscosity 686
5.3.3.2 Resin Flow Ability 686
5.3.3.3 Gel Time 687
5.3.3.4 Cured Single Ply Thickness 687
5.3.3.5 Operation Life 687
5.3.3.6 Shelf Life 687
5.4 Laminate Performance Testing 688
5.4.1 Basic Physical Properties 688
5.4.1.1 Density 688
5.4.1.2 Fiber Volume Content 689
5.4.1.3 Cured Ply Thickness 690
5.4.1.4 Void Content 690
5.4.1.5 Glass Transition Temperature 691
5.4.1.6 Moisture Absorption 691
5.4.1.7 Dimensional Stability (Thermal and Water Absorption) 693
5.4.1.8 Thermal Conductivity 694
5.4.1.9 Specific Thermal Capacity 694
5.4.1.10 Thermal Diffusion 694
5.4.1.11 Outgassing 695
5.4.1.12 Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppression Properties 695
5.4.2 Basic Mechanical Properties 696
5.4.2.1 Tensile Property Testing 696
5.4.2.2 Compression Testing 701
5.4.2.3 In-Plane Shear Testing 706
5.4.2.4 Interlaminar Shear Testing 713
5.4.2.5 Bending Property Testing 714
5.4.3 Test Methods Related to Structural Performance 717
5.4.3.1 Open-Hole Tensile and Compression 717
5.4.3.2 Filled-Hole Tensile and Compression Testing 718
5.4.3.3 Single Pin Bearing Strength Testing 718
5.4.3.4 Model I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness 719
5.4.3.5 Mixed Interlaminar Fracture Toughness GC 719
5.4.3.6 Quasi-static Indentation 720
5.4.3.7 Compression After Impact 721
5.4.3.8 Model II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness 726
5.4.4 Fabric-Reinforced Textile Composite Mechanical Property Testing 726
5.4.5 Summary of Mechanical Property Test Methods 727
5.4.6 Electrical Performance Testing 727
5.4.7 Environmental Effects and Resistance Assessment 746
5.5 Composite Quality Evaluation and Control 747
5.5.1 Composite Quality Evaluation 748
5.5.1.1 Complexity of Quality Evaluation 748
5.5.1.2 Problems in Quality Evaluation 749
5.5.1.3 Quality Evaluation Methods 751
5.5.2 Composite Quality Control 754
5.5.3 Processing Quality Control 755
5.5.3.1 Importance of Processing Quality Control 756
5.5.3.2 Theoretical Curing Model and Computer Simulation 758
5.5.3.3 In Situ Process Monitoring 771
5.5.3.4 Statistical Processing Control 781
5.5.3.5 Experiential Control Methods 784
5.5.3.6 Processing Quality Inspection 784
References 785