Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (eBook)

Foreword 6
Organization 7
Organizing Committee 7
Scientific Committee 7
Gold Sponsors 8
Silver and Exhibitor sponsors 8
Contents 9
RILEM Publications 17
RILEM Proceedings (PRO) 17
RILEM Reports (REP) 25
Calcined Clay-Cement Stabilisation – Physicochemical Attributes and Stabilised Strengths of a-1-a and a-2-6 Soils 27
Abstract 27
1 Introduction 27
1.1 Pozzolan-Cement Soil Stabilisation 28
2 Method 28
3 Results 29
3.1 Physical Properties of the Lateritic Soils 29
3.2 Chemical Properties of the Lateritic Soils 30
3.3 Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) 30
4 Conclusion 32
References 32
Sulfate Resistance of Cement Mortar Containing Metakaolin 34
Abstract 34
1 Experimental Program 35
1.1 Materials 35
1.1.1 Sources for Metakaolin 35
1.1.2 Cement 35
1.1.3 Standard Sand 35
1.1.4 Sodium Sulfate 35
1.2 Mixture Details 35
1.2.1 Specimens Preparation 36
1.2.2 Sulfate Solution 36
2 Test Procedure 36
2.1 Cubes 36
2.2 Prisms 37
3 Result and Discussion 37
3.1 Pozzolanic Activity 37
3.2 Compressive Strength Reduction CSR 37
3.3 Expansion Test Results 38
3.4 Visual Inspection 39
4 Conclusions 39
References 40
Use of R3 Rapid Screening Test to Determine Reactivity and Chloride Binding Potential of Locally Available Kaolinite Clay 41
Abstract 41
1 Background 41
2 Aim 41
3 Method 42
3.1 Chloride Binding 42
3.2 Particle Size Distribution 42
3.3 Isothermal Calorimetry 42
3.4 R3 Method 43
4 Results 43
4.1 Chloride Binding 43
4.2 Particle Size Distribution 43
4.3 Isothermal Calorimetry 44
4.4 R3 Method 45
5 Conclusion 45
References 46
Assessment of Cuban Kaolinitic Clays as Source of Supplementary Cementitious Materials to Production of Cement Based on Clinker – Calcined Clay – Limestone 47
Abstract 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Methods 48
3 Results 49
3.1 Reactivity of Calcined Clays 49
3.2 Particle Size Distribution and Specific Surface of Anhydrous LC3 Blends 50
3.3 Characterization of the LC3 Pastes 50
3.4 Performance of the LC3 Mortars 52
4 Conclusion 53
Acknowledgments 53
References 53
Proposal of a Methodology for the Preliminary Assessment of Kaolinitic Clay Deposits as a Source of SCMs 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Analysis and Discussion 56
3 Conclusion 59
Acknowledgments 59
References 59
Hydration Study of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Using Various Grades of Calcined Kaolinitic Clays 61
Abstract 61
1 Introduction 61
2 Materials and Methods 61
3 Results 62
3.1 Phase Assemblage 62
3.2 Porosity 63
4 Conclusion 66
References 66
Reaction Degree of Metakaolin in Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) 67
Abstract 67
1 Introduction 67
2 Materials and Methods 67
3 Results 68
4 Conclusion 71
References 71
Durability of Steam Cured Pozzolanic Mortars at Atmospheric Pressure 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Materials and Methods 73
3 Results and Discussion 74
3.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties 74
3.2 Influence of Wetting-Drying Cycles 74
3.3 Influence of Salt Crystallization 75
3.4 Influence of Freeze-thaw 76
3.5 Influence of Ageing by SO2 Action 77
4 Conclusions 78
References 78
Use of Low-Carbon Cement in the Preparation of Masonry Mortars for Building Restoration 80
Abstract 80
1 Introduction 80
2 Method 81
3 Experimental Design 81
4 Results 81
4.1 Analysis of Prismatic Test Cubes Flexural-Compression Strength 81
4.2 Analysis of Water Absorption by Capillarity 82
4.3 Results of Water Absorption by Capillarity in Mortars 83
4.4 Analysis of Bond Tests 83
4.4.1 Bond Test by Direct Traction 83
4.5 Analysis of the Open Porosity Test 84
5 Conclusions 84
References 85
Quantification of Pore Size Distribution Modification Due to Metakaolin Inclusion in Cement Based Sy ... 86
1 Introduction 86
2 Estimation of PSD Parameters from Reported Data 87
3 Results and Relevant Correlations 88
4 Conclusions 88
References 89
Limestone Calcined Clay Cement: The Experience in India This Far 90
Abstract 90
1 Introduction 90
2 Research Programme 90
3 Characterisation of Raw Materials and Production of LC3 91
4 Properties of LC3 92
5 Design and Strength of LC3 92
6 Durability of LC3 93
7 Economy of LC3 Production 93
8 Energy and Emissions 93
9 Practical Applications 93
10 Summary and Conclusions 94
References 94
Pilot Scale Production of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement 95
Abstract 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Identification and Preparation of Raw Materials 96
3 Production of LC3 96
4 Properties of LC3 Produced 97
5 Properties of LC2 Produced 99
6 Applications of LC2 and LC3 99
7 Conclusions 100
References 100
The Special Case of North-Eastern India for the Production of LC3 101
Abstract 101
1 Introduction 101
2 Availability of Clays 101
3 Laboratory Trials of LC3 103
4 Conclusions 104
References 105
Comparative Study of Compressive Creep Behavior of Concrete with Metakaolin or Silica Fume 106
Abstract 106
1 Introduction 106
2 Materials and Methods 107
2.1 Materials and Mixtures 107
2.2 Methods 108
3 Results and Discussion 108
4 Conclusions 110
References 111
Effect of Carbonate Minerals and Calcination of Carbonatites and Kamafugites on Their Pozzolanic Performance and Early Age Concrete Properties 112
Abstract 112
1 Introduction 113
1.1 Background 113
1.2 Petrology of Volcanic Rocks in Toro-Ankole Geological Region 113
2 Materials and Methods 114
3 Results and Discussion 115
3.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition 115
3.2 Effect of Calcination on Fresh Properties of Cement Paste and Mortar 117
3.2.1 Setting Time 118
3.2.2 Water Demand and Slump Flow 118
3.2.3 Soundness 118
3.3 Effect of Calcination on Early Heat of Hydration 119
3.4 Effect of Calcination on Strength Development/Pozzolanic Performance 119
4 Conclusions 120
Acknowledgements 121
References 121
Assessment of the Pozzolanic Reactivity of Calcined Kaolinitic Clays by a Rapid Alkaline Solubility Test 124
Abstract 124
1 Introduction 124
2 Method 125
3 Results 126
4 Conclusions 129
Acknowledgments 129
References 130
Sustainability of Cuban Construction Supply Chain by Means of LC3 Cement: Case Studies in Villa Clar ... 131
Abstract 131
1 Introduction 131
2 Methodology 132
3 Results 133
4 Conclusions 135
Acknowledgements 135
References 135
Degradation of Calcined Clay-Limestone Cementitious Composites Under Sulfate Attack 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 136
2 Materials and Experimental Methods 137
2.1 Materials 137
2.2 Mix Proportions 137
2.3 Sulfate Immersion Test 138
3 Results 138
3.1 Relative Dynamic Elastic Modulus 138
3.2 Expansion 139
3.3 XRD Analysis 139
4 Conclusions 141
References 141
Sulfate and Alkali-Silica Performance of Blended Cements Containing Illitic Calcined Clays 143
Abstract 143
1 Introduction 143
2 Materials and Methods 144
3 Results 146
3.1 Setting Time and Water Demand 146
3.2 Flow and Compressive Strength 146
3.3 Sulfate Performance 147
3.4 ASR Expansion 148
4 Conclusions 148
References 149
Use of Ceramic Waste as a Pozzolanic Addition on Cement 150
Abstract 150
1 Introduction 150
2 Method 151
2.1 Cement 151
2.1.1 Aggregates 151
2.1.2 Characterization of the Micronized Tile 151
2.1.2 Characterization of the Micronized Tile 151
3 Determination of the Rheological and Physico-Mechanical Properties of the Mortar with the Addition of the Ceramic Waste 154
3.1 Methods for Determining Pozzolanic Activity 154
3.2 Tests of the Mortars with the Addition of the Micronized Tile 154
4 Results 155
5 Conclusion 156
References 156
Development of the Microstructure in LC3 Systems and Its Effect on Concrete Properties 157
Abstract 157
1 Introduction 157
2 Materials and Methods 158
3 Results and Discussion 159
3.1 Evolution of Electrical Conductivity in Cement Paste 159
3.2 Microstructure of LC3 Systems 161
3.3 Effect on Concrete Properties 163
4 Conclusion 165
Acknowledgements 166
References 166
Carbonation of Concrete with Low Carbon Cement LC3 Exposed to Different Environmental Conditions 167
Abstract 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Description of the Preliminary Tests 168
3 Test Results and Analysis 170
4 Conclusion 171
References 171
Evaluation of Compressive Strength and Microstructure of Cement Pastes Containing Different Qualities of Metakaolin 173
Abstract 173
1 Introduction 173
2 Method 174
3 Results 175
3.1 Compressive Strength 175
3.2 Microstructure 176
4 Conclusion 179
References 179
Influence of Initial Water Curing on Strength and Microstructure Development of Blended Cements 181
Abstract 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Materials and Methods 182
2.1 Raw Materials and Blends 182
2.2 Specimen Preparation 183
2.2.1 Curing Conditions 183
3 Results 184
4 Conclusion 184
References 185
Initial Performance Evaluation of Calcined Clay Based Ternary Blended Cement Under Various Climatic ... 186
Abstract 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Methodology 187
2.1 Specimen Preparation 187
2.2 Selection of Locations and Installation of Columns 187
2.3 Tests on Columns 188
3 Results 188
4 Discussions 189
Acknowledgements 189
References 190
Alkali Silica Reaction and Sulfate Attack: Expansion of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement 191
Abstract 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Materials and Testing Procedures 192
2.1 Materials for Alkali Silica Reaction 192
2.2 Materials for Sulfate Attack 192
2.3 Procedure of Testing Alkali Silica Reaction 192
2.4 Procedure of Testing Sulfate Attack 192
3 Expansion Results 193
3.1 Expansion Due to Alkali Silica Reaction 193
3.2 Expansion Due to Sulfate Attack 193
4 Conclusion and Perspectives 194
Acknowledgements 194
References 194
The Effect of Limestone on the Performance of Ternary Blended Cement LC3: Limestone, Calcined Clays ... 196
Abstract 196
1 Introduction 196
2 Materials and Characterisation Methods 196
2.1 Materials 196
2.2 Methods 197
3 Andreasen and Andersen Model 198
4 Main Results 199
4.1 Workability 199
4.2 Compressive Strength 200
5 Conclusion 200
Acknowledgements 201
References 201
Influence of Clay Type on Performance of Calcined Clay – Limestone Portland Cements 202
Abstract 202
1 Introduction 202
2 Materials and Methods 203
3 Results 204
3.1 Optimum SO3 Content of Blended Cements 204
3.2 Workability of Calcined Clay-Limestone Blended Cements 204
3.3 Compressive Strength Development 205
3.4 Performance of Low Clinker Blended Cements and Influence of Fly Ash 206
4 Conclusions 207
Acknowledgments 208
References 208
Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers for Nuclear Waste Encapsulation 209
Abstract 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Experimental Programme 211
3 Results and Discussion 211
4 Conclusions and Future Work 213
Acknowledgements 213
References 213
The Influence of Recycled Concrete and Clay Brick Particles on the Strength and Porosity of Cement-B ... 215
Abstract 215
1 Introduction 215
2 Materials and Methods 216
3 Results 217
4 Conclusion 219
References 220
The Effect of Kaolinite Content of China Clay on the Reactivity of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement 221
Abstract 221
1 Introduction 221
2 Objective 222
3 Experimental Method 223
4 Results 223
5 Conclusion 225
References 225
The Effect of Alkali on the Properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) 226
Abstract 226
1 Introduction 226
2 Materials and Methods 226
3 Results and Discussion 227
3.1 Heat of Hydration 227
3.2 Phase Assemblage 227
3.3 Porosity 228
3.4 Compressive Strength 228
4 Conclusions 229
Acknowledgements 229
References 229
On the Reactivity of Calcined Clays from Lower Lusatia for the Production of Durable Concrete Structures 231
Abstract 231
1 Introduction 231
2 Materials and Methods 232
2.1 Characterization of Annealed Product by Solubility Experiments 233
2.2 Determination of the Activity Index 233
2.3 Evaluation of the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity 233
3 Results 234
4 Conclusions 236
References 237
Compressive Strength Improvements of Cement-Based Composites Achieved with Additional Milling of Metakaolin 238
Abstract 238
1 Introduction 238
2 Materials and Methods 239
3 Results and Discussion 240
3.1 Compressive Strength 240
3.2 Microstructure Analysis 241
3.2.1 Thermal Analysis 241
3.2.2 Pore Size Distribution 242
4 Conclusions 243
Acknowledgments 243
References 243
Properties of the Cement-Based Composites with High Content of Metakaolin 245
Abstract 245
1 Introduction 245
2 Materials and Methods 246
3 Results and Discussion 247
3.1 Compressive Strength 247
3.2 Microstructure 248
3.2.1 XRD Analysis 248
3.2.2 Thermal Analysis (DTA/TG) 248
3.2.3 Pore Size Distribution 249
4 Conclusions 250
Acknowledgments 250
References 251
Calcined Clays – Performance as Composite Material 252
Abstract 252
1 Introduction 252
2 Experiment 253
3 Water Demand 254
4 Compressive Strength 255
5 Separate Grinding vs. Intergrinding 256
6 Outlook 256
Structural Ordering of Aged and Hydrothermally Cured Metakaolin Based Potassium Geopolymers 258
Abstract 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Experimental Methods 259
3 Results and Discussion 259
4 Conclusion 262
Acknowledgments 262
References 262
Carbonation of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Concrete 264
Abstract 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Experimental Program 265
2.1 Materials 265
2.2 Concrete Mix Design and Batching Procedure 266
2.3 Accelerated Carbonation Test 266
3 Results and Discussions 267
3.1 Mechanical Properties of Concrete 267
3.2 Carbonation Depth of Concrete 267
4 Conclusions 268
Acknowledgements 268
References 269
Grinding of Calcined Clays and Its Effects on Cement Properties 270
1 Introduction 270
2 Method 270
3 Results 271
3.1 Separated-Grinding 272
3.2 Inter-grinding 273
4 Conclusion 273
References 274
Hydration and Mechanical Properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Produced with Marble Dust 275
Abstract 275
1 Introduction 275
2 Materials and Methods 276
3 Results 277
4 Conclusions 279
Acknowledgements 279
References 279
Performance-Based Design Procedure Applied to the Selection of Low-CO2 Binder Systems Including Calcined Clay 280
Abstract 280
1 Introduction 280
2 Performance-Based Optimisation of Binder Compositions 281
3 Target Application and Reference Criteria 282
4 Experimental Program 282
5 Results and Discussion 285
6 Conclusions 286
Acknowledgements 286
References 286
Thermal Processing of Calcined Clay 288
Abstract 288
1 Introduction 288
2 Calcination Trials 288
3 Main Findings 289
4 Conclusion 290
References 291
Thermal Transformation of Illitic-Chlorite Clay and Its Pozzolanic Activity 292
Abstract 292
1 Introduction 292
2 Experimental Procedure 293
3 Results and Discussion 294
3.1 Characterization of Clay Mineral 294
3.2 Thermal Transformation of Clays 295
3.3 Grinding 295
3.4 Pozzolanic Performance 296
3.5 XRD Analyses on Hydrated Paste 297
4 Conclusions 297
References 298
In-situ Observation of Dissolution Behavior of Carbonatite in Water Glass Solution 299
Abstract 299
1 Introduction 299
2 Experiment 300
2.1 Raw Materials 300
2.2 Samples Preparation and In-situ Tests 301
3 Results and Discussion 301
4 Conclusion 303
Acknowledgements 303
References 303
Analysis of the Mixing Performance Containing the LC3 as Agglomerant with Different Types of Calcine ... 305
Abstract 305
1 Introduction 305
2 Experimental Procedure 306
3 Results 308
4 Conclusions 310
References 310
Evaluation of Calcined Clays from Boyaca-Colombia Containing Alunite as Supplementary Cementitious Materials 312
Abstract 312
1 Introduction 312
2 Materials and Methods 313
2.1 Raw Materials 313
3 Results and Discussion 314
3.1 Mineralogy 314
3.2 Thermal Treatment and Structural Changes 315
3.3 Performance Evaluation 316
4 Conclusions 317
References 318
Improvement of the Environmental Energy Sustainability in the Production of Cement Portland with Addition of Thermally Activated Clays 319
Abstract 319
1 Introduction 319
2 Analysis and Discussion of the Results 320
2.1 Calculations of the Emissions Coming from the Clinker Production Process 321
2.2 Calculations of the Emissions Coming from the Obtaining of Thermally Activated Clays 322
2.3 Comparison Among Different Cement Types as for the Emissions of CO2 and Energy Consumption 323
2.4 Calculation of the Energy Consumption for Each Cement Type 323
3 Conclusions 324
References 324
Resource Mapping of China Clay for LC3 Application in India 325
Abstract 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Objectives of the Study 326
3 Approach and Methodology 326
4 Limestone Calcined Clay Cements and Raw Material Requirement 327
5 Geographic Information System (GIS) 327
6 The Decision-Making Map 328
7 Conclusions and Outlook 330
References 331
Chloride Transport Behavior of LC3 Binders 332
Abstract 332
1 Introduction 332
2 Materials and Methods 333
3 Results 333
References 335
Blended Cements with Calcined Illitic Clay: Workability and Hydration 336
Abstract 336
1 Introduction 336
2 Materials and Procedures 337
3 Result and Discussion 338
4 Conclusions 342
References 342
Low Carbon Cement LC3 in Cuba: Ways to Achieve a Sustainable Growth of Cement Production in Emerging ... 344
Abstract 344
1 Introduction 344
2 Identification of Suitable Clay Deposits 345
3 Realization of Industrial Trials 345
4 Economic and Environmental Analysis 346
5 Standards 346
6 Conclusions 347
Acknowledgments 347
References 347
Studies on the Influence of Limestone-Calcined Clay Blend on the Hydration of Cement 348
Abstract 348
1 Introduction 348
2 Experimental Programme 349
2.1 Materials and Methods 349
3 Results and Discussion 349
3.1 Heat of Hydration 349
3.2 Compressive Strength 350
3.3 XRD Analysis 351
4 Conclusion 351
Acknowledgements 351
References 351
Thermal Resistivity of Chemically Activated Calcined Clays-Based Cements 353
Abstract 353
1 Introduction 353
2 Materials and Methods 354
2.1 Materials 354
2.2 Methods 354
2.2.1 Calcination of Clay 354
2.2.2 Preparation of PCC35 355
2.2.3 Chemical Analysis 355
2.2.4 Mixing Casting and Curing 355
2.2.5 Thermal Resistivity 355
3 Results and Discussion 355
3.1 Chemical Analysis 355
3.2 Compressive Strength at 28th Day of Curing 356
3.3 Thermal Resistivity 357
4 Conclusion 358
Acknowledgements 358
References 358
Promising Early Age Evaluations of Fly Ash - Calcined Marl - OPC Ternary Cement 360
Abstract 360
1 Introduction 360
2 Materials and Methods 361
3 Results and Discussion 361
3.1 Workability of Pastes 361
3.2 Heat of Hydration 362
3.3 Water Demand 363
4 Conclusion 364
References 364
Applicability of Lime Reactivity Strength Potential Test for the Reactivity Study of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement 365
Abstract 365
1 Introduction 365
2 Materials and Methods 366
3 Methods 368
3.1 Cement Mortar Compressive Strength 368
3.2 Lime Reactivity 369
4 Conclusions 370
References 371
Limestone and Calcined Clay Blended Cement Used as Low-Cost Binder to Reduce Heat Production and Pot ... 372
Abstract 372
1 Introduction 372
2 Materials and Methods 373
2.1 Materials 373
3 Methods 375
4 Results 376
5 Conclusions 377
References 377
Hydrate Phase Assemblages in Calcium Sulfoaluminate – Metakaolin – Limestone Blends 378
Abstract 378
1 Introduction 378
2 Materials and Methods 379
3 Results and Discussion 380
4 Conclusions 382
References 383
Influence Grinding Procedure, Limestone Content and PSD of Components on Properties of Clinker-Calci ... 384
Abstract 384
1 Introduction 384
2 Materials and Methods 385
3 Results and Discussions 387
4 Conclusions 390
Acknowledgements 391
References 391
Durability of Concretes Made with Calcined Clay Composite Cements 392
Abstract 392
1 Introduction 392
2 Test Methods 393
3 Results 393
4 Conclusions 396
References 397
Alkali-Activation of Calcined Clays – Past, Present and Future 398
Abstract 398
1 Introduction 398
2 The First Steps and Further Development 399
3 The Present and the Future Development Opportunities and Needs
4 Concluding Remarks 401
Acknowledgements 401
References 401
Influence of a Calcined Clay and the Temperature on the Hydration of an Oilwell Cement 403
Abstract 403
1 Introduction 403
2 Materials and Experimental Procedures 404
3 Presentation and Discussion of the Main Results 406
4 Conclusions 408
References 408
Influence of the Kind of Mineral Addition and the Seawater on the Hydration of a Portland Cement 410
Abstract 410
1 Introduction 410
2 Materials and Experimental Procedures 411
3 Presentation and Discussion of the Main Results 413
3.1 Hydration on the Pastes 413
4 Chloride Binding 414
5 Conclusions 415
References 415
Standardization Strategy of Low Carbon Cement in Cuba. Case Study for “Siguaney” Cement Factory 417
Abstract 417
1 Introduction 418
2 Development 418
2.1 Pozzolan Standard 418
2.2 Ternary Blended Cement Standard 418
3 Requirements and Test Methods 420
4 Concrete Standard 420
5 Strategy of Implementation. Siguaney Case Study 420
5.1 General Information About Siguaney Cement Plant. Strategy’s Structure 420
5.2 Raw Materials Report 421
5.3 Durability Studies Report 421
5.4 Report About Costs 421
5.5 Environmental Studies Report 422
6 Conclusions 422
References 423
Antibacterial Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Cement 424
Abstract 424
1 Introduction 424
2 Experimental Procedure 425
2.1 Starting Materials and Sample Preparation 425
2.2 Antibacterial Test Method 426
3 Results 426
3.1 Activity Evaluation Against E. Coli and S. Aureus Using Triclosan as Antibacterial Agent 426
4 Conclusion 428
Acknowledgments 428
References 429
Identification of Reactive Sites in Calcined Kaolinite and Montmorillonite from a Combination of Che ... 430
Abstract 430
1 Introduction 430
2 Experimental 431
3 Results and Discussion 431
4 Conclusions 434
Acknowledgements 434
References 434
The Decay of the Historical Site of Malecon in Havana, Cuba: Salt Crystallization Damage at Repair I ... 435
Abstract 435
1 Introduction 435
2 Materials and Methods 436
3 Results and Discussion 437
3.1 Description of Original Building Materials and Most Used Repair Mortars 437
3.2 Degradation Patterns 437
3.3 Microscopy of Materials 438
4 Conclusions 439
Acknowledgments 439
References 440
Introducing Low Carbon Cement in Cuba - A Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Study 441
Abstract 441
1 Introduction 442
2 Method 442
3 Results 443
4 Conclusions 446
Acknowledgments 446
References 446
Sulphate Optimization of Binders with Calcined Clay Using Isothermal Calorimetry 448
Abstract 448
1 Introduction 448
2 Optimum Sulphate Content of LC3 Cement Using Isothermal Calorimetry 449
3 Automated Isothermal Calorimetry 449
4 Novel Evaluation Methods of Isothermal Calorimetry Curves 450
5 Discussion 451
6 Conclusion 451
References 452
Reaction Kinetics of Basic Clay Components Present in Natural Mixed Clays 453
Abstract 453
1 Introduction 453
2 Experimental Procedure 454
2.1 Characterization of Calcined Phyllosilicates 454
2.2 Equipment and Measurement Parameters 455
3 Results and Discussion 455
3.1 Reaction Kinetics During Early Reaction Time 455
3.2 Reaction Kinetics Until 28 Days 457
4 Conclusion 458
References 458
Colloid-Chemical Investigation of the Interaction Between PCE Superplasticizers and a Calcined Mixed Layer Clay 460
Abstract 460
1 Introduction 460
2 Materials and Methods 460
2.1 Calcined Clay Sample 460
2.2 Superplasticizer Samples 461
2.3 Dispersion via Slump Flow Test 461
2.4 Adsorption of Superplasticizers 461
2.5 Zeta Potential of Clay Suspensions 462
3 Results and Discussion 462
3.1 Dispersing Performance 462
3.2 Adsorption of PCEs 463
3.3 Zeta Potential Measurements 464
4 Conclusions 465
Acknowledgments 465
References 465
Prediction of Carbonation Depth in Blended Systems 466
Abstract 466
1 Introduction 466
2 Materials and Methods 467
3 Carbonation Mechanism and Implementation of Scheme 467
4 Results 469
5 Conclusions 471
Acknowledgements 471
References 471
Autogenous Shrinkage and Creep of Limestone and Calcined Clay Based Binders 473
Abstract 473
1 Introduction 473
2 Materials and Methods 474
3 Results 475
4 Discussion and Conclusion 479
References 479
Hydration of Blended Cement with Halloysite Calcined Clay 481
Abstract 481
1 Introduction 481
2 Materials and Methods 482
3 Results 483
4 Discussions 485
5 Conclusions 485
References 486
Progress of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement in China 487
Abstract 487
1 Background 487
2 Raw Materials and Experiment 488
2.1 Raw Materials 488
2.1.1 Origin of Kaolinitic Clay 488
2.1.2 Other Raw Materials 488
2.2 Experiment 488
3 The Characterization of the Kaolinitic Clay and Calcined Products 489
3.1 Mineralogical and Chemical Composition 489
3.2 Thermal Activation 490
3.3 Reactivity Test 491
3.3.1 Mortar Strength Method 491
3.3.2 Isothermal Calorimetry Method 491
4 Performance of LC3 Materials 492
5 Energy Efficient Calcining System 492
6 Conclusion 493
Acknowledgement 493
References 493
Thermal Activation of Two Complex Clays (Kaolinite-Pyrophillite-Illite) from Tandilia System, Buenos ... 495
Abstract 495
1 Introduction 495
2 Materials and Methods 496
3 Results 497
3.1 Characterization of Clays 497
3.2 Calcined Clays 497
3.3 Blended Cement 499
4 Conclusions 500
References 500
Assessment of Calcined Clays According to the Main Criterions of Concrete Durability 501
Abstract 501
1 Introduction 501
2 Materials and Methods 502
3 Results and Discussion 503
4 Summary and Conclusions 506
References 507
Application of Industrially Produced LC3 to Pavements, AAC Blocks and Other Products 508
Abstract 508
1 Introduction 508
2 Industrial Production of LC3 in India 509
3 Materials and Experiment 509
4 Industrial Productions of Several Types of Concrete Using LC3 Produced 511
4.1 Laying of Road Panel at JKLC- Jhajjar with LC3 Cement 511
5 AAC BlockProduction at JKLC- Jhajjar with Calcined Clay 512
6 Conclusions 513
Reference 513
Machine Learning Approaches to Admixture Design for Clay-Based Cements 514
Abstract 514
1 Background 514
2 Aim 515
3 Method 515
4 Results 517
5 Conclusion 519
References 519
Micro-Chemo-Mechanical Characterization of a Limestone-Calcinated-Clay Cement Paste by Statistical Nanoindentation and Quantitative SEM-EDS 520
Abstract 520
1 Background: LC3 as a Sustainable Alternative to OPC 520
2 Aim: Understanding the Mechanical Properties of an LC3 Microstructure 521
3 Method: SNI-QEDS on an LC3 Paste 521
4 Results: Visual Representations of the Clustered Chemo-Mechanical Phases 522
5 Conclusion: The Macro-Scale Strength of LC3 Emerges from a Complex Microstructure 524
References 525
Addressing Key Challenges in MK-PLC Blends at Early Ages: Workability, Slump Retention, and Heat of Hydration 526
Abstract 526
1 Introduction and Background 526
2 Aims 527
3 Materials and Methods 527
4 Results 528
4.1 WRAs for Enhanced Workability in MK-PLC Blends 528
4.2 WRAs for Slump Flow Retention in MK-PLC Blends 529
4.3 Heat of Hydration Models 530
5 Conclusion 531
References 532
Assessing the Effect of Calcite Impurities in Clay on Optimal Dehydroxylation Parameters for Enhance ... 533
Abstract 533
1 Introduction 533
2 Materials and Methods 534
2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 534
2.2 Isothermal Calorimetry 534
2.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 534
3 Results and Discussion 535
3.1 X-Ray Diffraction 535
3.2 Isothermal Calorimetry – R3 Test 536
4 Conclusions 538
Acknowledgements 538
References 539
Reactivity and Performance of Limestone Calcined-Clay Cement (LC3) Cured at Low Temperature 540
Abstract 540
1 Introduction 540
2 Materials and Methods 541
3 Characterization Techniques 542
4 Results and Discussion 542
5 Conclusions 545
Acknowledgements 545
References 545