Active System Control (eBook)

Professor Igor Schagaev is Director of IT-ACS Ltd Stevenage, UK. He received his PhD in Computer Science in 1983 from the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Problem of Control; Certificate in Business Organization of International Research Program Management, TACIS (EC) 1996; Certificate in Learning and teaching in High Education, University of North London 2001. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Analyst and Programmers (UK) since 1992 and Fellow of British Computer Society since 2013. Igor has previously worked as an Electromechanical Engineer at the Smolensk aviation factory, USSR, a Senior Programmer and Design Engineer at the Institute of Advanced Computations, Central Statistic Bureau of USSR, and as a Head of Fault Tolerant System Branch in Institute of Control Sciences. The latter was combined with work as Senior Design Engineer and System Programmer for Avionics at Sukhoy Design Bureau. Since 1992 Igor has been Director of ATLAB Ltd. Bristol (now converged into IT-ACS Ltd). Since 1983, Igor has published internationally 70+ papers in journals and conferences and seven books. Igor was keynote speaker at World Conferences in UK, China, USA, provided consultancy for Financial Times, Sunday Times, Boston Facultimedia, and Swedish government -- all on the subject of ICT, avionics, and aerospace domains. Igor has been honoured with several industry awards, achievements, and grants. He is author of the Springer titles: V Castano and I Schagaev, “Resilient Computer System Design” and Schagaev I, Kaegi T “Software Design for Resilient Computer Systems”. Since 2007, together with Dr Brian Kirk and Alex Schagaev, Igor holds a patent on Method and Apparatus for Active System Safety, GB 2448351. Dr. Brian R. Kirk is the founder and Director of Robinson Systems Engineering Ltd. in the UK, which has specialized in designing and building safetyrelated computing and control systems for over 40 years. He received his PhD in Methods of Active System Safety in 2007, formerly attaining an MSc in Industrial Electronics from Imperial College and A BSc (Hons) in Electronics from Salford University in the 1960s. He worked on early graphics based CAD and simulators for microchip design with Marconi Research labs. In the 1970s, he worked as design manager for microprocessors and memories at General Instrument Corp. There, he worked on custom IC design and early 1,4,8,and 16 bit processors, including the PIC series, the Sinclair calculators, and early TV games (such as Pong). After working for Mergenthaler Linotype on system designs during the phototypesetting revolution, he founded Robinson Systems Engineering Ltd. He has presented many papers linking theory to practical applications at conferences around the world and collaborated with Professors’ Wirth and Gutknecht's group at ETH Zurich for over 20 years, co-authoring the Zonnon Language Report. As joint author of the book Programming Oberon in Windows, he released Robinson's Oberon compiler for Windows as part of the Programmers Oberon Workbench as freeware, inspired by the usability and ubiquity of Borland Pascal. More recently he has provided technical advice to US Legal teams on the causes of Sudden Unintended Acceleration in vehicles that contributed to a billion dollar settlement in a single case and contributed to Tom Murray's book Deadly by Design. He is currently working with the Institute of Engineering and Technology (UK) and IEEE on guidance for improving the Electromagnetic Resilience of Systems. He is a member the British Computer Society, Institute of Directors, and life member of the ACM (USA) and the International Society of Bassists, being an enthusiastic double bass player in various jazz bands.

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 7
Contents 8
Author Biographies 13
1: Aviation: Landscape, Classification, Risk Data 15
Introduction 15
Survey of the Aviation Application Domain 18
Terminology 18
Classification of Aviation 19
Classification of Aircraft by Mission 20
Classification by Type of Aircraft or Method of Operation 24
Classification by Technical Specifications 25
Classification by State of Development 25
Conclusion 27
The Aircraft Market 27
Military 28
Commercial Aviation 30
General Aviation 32
Effect of Weather 33
Distribution of General Aviation 33
Features of General Aviation 34
Helicopters 35
Conclusion 37
Safety and Risk of Flight 38
Aviation Safety in Commercial Aviation 38
Main Risk Agents and Their Contribution 40
Risk Factors and Flight Phases 41
Risk and Safety in General Aviation 44
Accident Statistics 44
US GA Accidents 44
Australian GA Accidents 45
UK GA Accidents 46
Flight Risk Analysis 48
First Occurrences and Sequence of Events 49
Causes and Factors of Accidents 50
Conclusion 51
Safety Management Scheme 52
Insurance, Regulation and Aviation Safety 53
Flight Safety and Safety Control Cycles in Aviation 54
Constraints and Failures of Safety Management 55
Conclusions 56
References 58
2: Active System Control and Safety Approach, and Regulation in Other Application Domains 59
Approach to Safety in Critical Systems 59
Safety Approach in Industrial Systems and Machinery 60
Approach to Safety in Process Plants 60
The Importance of Human Factors 61
The Safety Lifecycle and Trends 61
Approach to Safety in Small Industrial Systems 61
The Trend to Design Standardisation 62
Safety Approach in the Automotive Industry 63
Current On-Board Safety Systems 63
Physical Safety Systems 63
Route Safety Systems 63
Driving Safety Systems 64
Driver Safety Assurance 64
Safety Improvement 64
Operational Safety Cycle 65
Maintenance 65
Checks at Start-Up of Vehicle 66
Checks During Operational Use 66
Checks at the End of Operational Use 66
Future Safety Systems in the Automotive Industry 67
Safety Approach in the Rail Industry 68
Current On-Board Safety Systems 68
Physical Safety Systems 69
Route Safety Systems 69
Driving Safety Systems 70
Driver Safety Assurance 70
Safety Improvement 71
Operational Safety Cycle 71
Maintenance 72
Checks at Start-Up of Vehicle 72
Checks During Operational Use 72
Checks at the End of Operational Use 73
Future Safety Systems in the Rail Domain 73
Safety Approach in the Space Domain 74
Existing Standardisation 76
Standards in the Industrial Domain 76
Safety Definitions of IEC 61508 76
Functional Safety Analysis 77
Standards in the Rail Domain 78
The Safety Case 78
Development Life-Cycle for Safety-Related Systems 79
Safety Integrity Levels (SILs) 79
Standards in the Space Domain 80
Conclusions 82
Functional Safety Standards Based Upon IEC 61508 83
References 84
Active Safety 84
3: Aircraft Flight Reliability and the Safety Landscape of Aircraft Use 86
Introduction 86
An Operational Reliability Model for Aircraft 87
Reliability Model of a Flight 88
Operational Reliability Model: Equations 89
Measures of System Reliability 91
Point Availability 91
Mission Availability 91
Joint Availability 92
The Safety Maintenance Landscape 93
Developments in Modern Aviation and Safety 93
Developments in Risk 95
Chain Mode Flights 96
Latency of Fault and Safety Monitoring 97
The Safety Maintenance Landscape: Commercial Aviation 99
On-Ground Management of Safety 100
Timing for Safety Management between Flights 102
Social, Political and Commercial Aspects of Aviation Safety 103
Flight Safety Versus Risk and Statistics: Flight Data Paradox 105
Risk and Statistics 107
External and Internal Aspects of Aircraft Safety 107
Conclusion 109
References 110
4: Active Safety Relative to Existing Devices 112
Active System Control and System Safety Versus Aircraft Management 112
Safety Tools and Supportive Devices 114
Safety Devices: Brief History and Evolution 114
Existing Flight Data Recording Devices 118
Military Flight Data Recording Devices and Testing Recorders 119
Honeywell AR Series 119
Allied Signal SSUFDR 119
Military Aviation Recorder 119
Requirements for New Flight Data Recording and Processing System 122
Flight Data Processing System Post-flight Analysis 123
Constraints 125
The Nature of Devices for Future Aircraft 127
Conclusion 130
References 131
5: Principle of Active System Control (Theory) 133
Introduction 133
The Goals, Role and Structure of the Chapter 133
Active System Control Overview 135
Defining and Implementing the PASC 138
Structure of Research of Active System Control 140
Principle of Active System Control 141
Factors to Take into Account Making Active System Control Work 141
Definition of the PASC 143
PASC and Elements of Redundancy Theory 146
The PASC Algorithm in More Detail 149
PASC: Dependability and Fault Tolerance 151
Improving the Control and Safety of a System 152
A Generalised Information Model for Active System Control 155
On Coverage 158
Conclusion 159
References 160
6: Principle of Active System Control: Aspects of Implementation 161
Introduction 161
Implementation of PASC in-the-Medium 161
The PASC for General Aviation: The Cycle of Operational Management 162
Process-Oriented Informational Model 164
The Object 166
Flight Data 167
The PASC Flight Data for Trials 169
Flight Modes 171
Take-Off 173
Cruise 173
Landing 174
Models of Elements 174
Artificial Intelligence Models 176
Statistical Learning Model 176
Statistical Models 177
Functional Models 177
Threshold Functions 178
Element Models 179
Predicates, Dependency and Recovery Matrix 180
Dependency Matrix 180
Probabilistic Matrix 183
The Recovery Matrix 184
Reverse Tracing 184
Matrix Data for the PASC Trial 184
Dependency Matrix 184
The Algorithm for PASC: APASC 185
Main APASC Functions 188
How the APASC Works 188
Termination Conditions for APASC On-Board 191
Probability Along the Path 191
Algorithm of Backward Tracing (Recovery) 194
Implementation of the APASC During Flight 195
Conclusion 196
References 200
7: Active System Control: And Its Impact on Mission Reliability 201
Reasoning 201
Preventive and Conditional Maintenance Versus Active System Control: A Semantic Difference 203
Reliability Gains: Conditional Maintenance Versus Active System Control 205
Preventive Maintenance with Implementation of Active System Control 209
The Real-Time Reliability Corridor: Introduction and Definitions 212
Defining the Frequency of the Checking Process 213
Avoiding R0 Being Breached When a Delay Occurs 214
Conditional Maintenance Versus Active System Control 217
Summary and Conclusions 218
References 219
8: Flight Mode Concept and Realisation 221
Introduction 221
Goals and Objectives of the Chapter 222
The Objectives of Implementation 224
The Flight Mode Model 225
Flight Mode Definitions 225
The Flight Mode Detection Algorithms 229
Visualisation of Flight Mode 232
Presentation of Advice to the Flight Crew 232
Information Processing of Flight Data Including Flight Mode 233
Flight Mode Detector 235
Real-Time Diagnosis and Prognosis 235
Determination of Response 235
Configurability of the System 236
A Trial Architecture for Flight Mode Detection 236
The Avionics System: System Block Diagram 237
Flight Data Memory 238
Software Architecture and Partitioning 239
Using Flight Modes to Tune Flight Performance and Safety 241
Conclusions 243
Further Steps 243
Appendix: Flight Mode Model: XML Specification 244
References 251
9: Active System Control: Realisation 253
Introduction: The Safety Aspects of Active System Control 253
Objectives of the Chapter 254
The Active System Control for Safety: Theoretical Model 254
Fault Detection and Handling: Algorithms and Procedures 255
The Theory: Based on Applied Graph Logic 256
Graph Logic Model (GLM): Logic Operators 256
The Modelling of Fault and Fault Detection 259
The Localisation (Search) of Faults 261
Recovery Matrix 264
The Algorithms of Fault Localisation 265
The Application Example: Air Pressure System 268
Modelling and Handling of Faults: A More Realistic Example 272
Localisation Procedure 275
Localisation Procedure: A Simple Case 275
Summary and Conclusion 277
References 278
10: Active System Control: Future 280
Introduction 280
Classification of Aircraft: Reiterated 281
What Else Can Active System Control Do? 283
Active System Control: Life-Cycle of Design and Manufacturing 284
Active System Control: Life-Cycle of Aircraft Application 284
Active System Control: Risk Information Paradox: RIP? 287
Active System Control in Almost One Page, ``During´´ and ``After´´ 289
Active System Control Dependency Matrixes: Who Is Doing What 290
The Impact of Prognostics on Active System Control 293
Embedding Active System Control into Aircraft 294
Software Organisation of Active System Control 295
Active System Control Essential Device: Active Black Box 297
Summary and Conclusion 298
References 299
Index 301