Porous lightweight composites reinforced with fibrous structures (eBook)

Dr. Yiqi Yang is a distinguished professor in the Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. Dr. Yang received his PhD in Textile Science from Purdue University. He has extensive research experience in development of green materials including polymers and chemicals obtained from natural resources for textile, composite, and medical applications. He also has wide connection with textile industries across the world. He organized a symposium, “Light-Weight Materials from Biopolymers” for Division of Cellulose and Renewable Materials, in 246th American Chemical Society National Meeting (Indianapolis, IN, United States) in 2013. Based on the symposium, he edited a symposium series book composed of cutting-edge chapters related to lightweight materials contributed by experts from both academia and industries.Dr. Jianyong Yu is an academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering. He obtained his PhD degree from Donghua University. He is currently a professor in Donghua University, and services as vice director of China Textile Engineering Society. He has been constantly striving to research and teaching in the area of textile materials, with focus on exploring basic theories, developing key technologies, and investigating industrial applications of innovative natural fibers, synthetic fibers, yarns, and functional textiles. Based on his contribution to the Chinese textile industry and academia, he received two second prizes of National Award for Technological Innovation and two second prizes of National Award for Progress in Science and Technology.Dr. Helan Xu is a research assistant professor in the Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. She received her PhD in Textile Sciences from University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Her research interests lie in developing industrial and biomedical products from agricultural byproducts and wastes. She has published papers on developing different lightweight materials, such as green composites, three-dimensional ultrafine fibrous scaffolds, hollow nanoparticles from chicken feathers, corn distillers grain, soy meal and other animal and plant originated residues for biomedical, textile and other industrial applications. She has also co-edited a symposium series book with Dr. Yiqi Yang published by American Chemical Society in 2015. Dr. Baozhong Sun is a professor of Donghua University, Shanghai, China. He obtained his PhD degree in the specification of textile reinforced composites at Donghua University, joined College of Textiles of Donghua University in 2006, and became a full professor in 2012. He currently teaches courses of machine design, mechanics of materials and fracture mechanics in textile composites. His research interest is primarily focused on impact behavior, failure, and fracture of textile composite materials and textiles. He has participated in a number of key national projects and has served in organizing committees of a number of international conferences. He has authored and coauthored more than 120 papers regarding textile composite materials published in international journals and conference proceedings, and coauthored a book, “Impact Dynamics of the Textile Structural Composite Materials”, published by Science Press, Beijing, China.

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Part I: Hollow Fibers as Reinforcements 12
1 High-Performance Composites Produced from Dry-Processable Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 13
1 Introduction 14
2 Synthesis of Dry-Processable Carbon Nanotubes 15
2.1 CNTs Prepared by Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition 15
2.2 Vertically Aligned Nonspinnable and Spinnable CNT Arrays 17
3 CNT Composites Produced by Wet Chemistry Methods 18
4 CNT Composites Produced by Dry Processing Methods 20
4.1 Aligned MWCNT Arrays as Composites Reinforcements 20
4.2 FCCVD-Produced MWCNT Films for Strong Composites 25
4.3 Layered Assembly of Aligned CNT Films for Multifunctional Composites 27
4.4 Micro-Combing for Producing Strong CNT Films and Composites 28
5 Opportunities and Challenges 32
References 33
2 Composites Reinforced with Hollow Natural Organic Fibrous Structures 38
1 Introduction 39
2 Hollow Fibrous Reinforcements 41
2.1 Wheat Straw 41
2.2 Rice Straw 46
2.3 Bamboo 49
2.4 Sugarcane Bagasse 51
2.5 Composites Reinforced with Natural Cellulose Fibers 52
2.6 Stalks as Reinforcement 57
2.7 Perennial Grasses as Reinforcement 57
2.8 Porous Light-Weight Composites Developed Using Poultry Feathers 58
3 Conclusions 64
References 65
Part II: Engineering Porous/Hollow Structures by Manipulating Reinforcing Fibers 68
3 Hollow/Porous Three-Dimensional Woven Structure Reinforced Composites 69
1 Introduction 70
1.1 Definition of 3D Woven Fabrics 70
1.2 Classification of 3D Woven Fabrics 70
1.3 Weave Structures and Properties 71
2 Hollow/Porous 3D Woven Structures 73
2.1 Design of Hollow/Porous Woven Structures as Reinforcements 74
2.1.1 Cross-Sectional Shapes 74
Triangle 74
Hexagon 75
Trapezoid 75
Mixed Shape 76
2.1.2 Tunnel Directions 76
2.1.3 Structural Parameters of Hollow 3D Woven Structures 76
2.1.4 Constitutions of Yarn System 77
2.1.5 Definition of Structural Parameters 78
2.2 Geometric Models of Hollow/Porous 3D Woven Structures 78
2.2.1 Orientation Angle of Binders and Warps 79
2.2.2 Length of each Yarn System 80
2.3 Volume Fractions of Fiber and Hollow Part 82
2.3.1 Volume Fraction of Fiber in the Hollow/Porous 3D Woven Structure Composites 82
2.3.2 Volume Fraction of Hollow Part in the Hollow/Porous 3D Woven Structure Composites 83
2.4 Effect of Structural Parameter on the Volume Fraction of Fiber/Hollow Part 83
3 Hollow/Porous 3D Woven Fabric Production and the Composite Preparation 84
3.1 Production of Spacer Fabrics 85
3.2 Preparation of the Composites 85
3.2.1 Description of the VARIM Process 86
3.2.2 Automatic Control of the VARIM System 87
4 Applications of Hollow/Porous 3D Woven Structure Reinforced Composites 88
4.1 Possible Applications 88
4.2 Future Trends 90
References 90
4 Virtual Testing of Three-Dimensional Hollow/Porous Braided Composites 92
1 Introduction 93
2 3D Hollow/Porous Braided Composites 94
2.1 Porous Matrix 94
2.2 Hollow Fiber Reinforcement 96
2.3 Hollow Structures 97
3 Virtual Testing of 3D Hollow/Porous Braided Composites 99
3.1 Virtual Testing of Composites 100
3.1.1 Geometrical Modeling 100
3.1.2 Analytical Models 102
3.1.3 Multi-scale Framework 102
3.2 Virtual Testing of Porous Solid 106
4 Concluding Remarks 109
References 110
5 Hollow Three-Dimensional Knitted Structure Reinforced Composites 115
1 Introduction 116
2 Hollow 3D Knitted Spacer Structure 118
3 Impact Hardening Polymer 119
4 3D Hollow Knitted Structure Reinforced Composites 122
4.1 Preparation of the Composites 122
4.2 Flatwise Quasi-static and Impact Compression Tests 123
4.3 Hemispherical Impact Compression Tests 127
4.4 Application for the Development of Hip Protectors 130
5 Conclusions 132
References 132
6 Advanced Grid Structure-Reinforced Composites 134
1 Introduction 135
2 Classification and Characteristics 136
2.1 Types and Classification of Mesh Structural Composites 136
2.2 Advantages of Mesh Structures 136
2.3 Processing of Mesh Structures 137
3 Mesh Structure Analysis and Design 139
3.1 Structural Design Method 139
3.1.1 Genetic Algorithm Method 139
3.1.2 Surrogate Model Method 140
3.1.3 Finite Element Method 141
3.2 Theoretical Analysis 142
3.2.1 Equivalent Stiffness Model 143
3.2.2 Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis 143
3.2.3 Explicit Dynamics Analysis 144
4 Mesh Structure Manufacturing and Processing 144
4.1 Grid-Stiffened Structure 144
4.2 Braided and Warp Knitted Mesh Structure 147
4.3 Filament Winding Lattice Structure 150
4.4 Other Methods 151
5 Molding and Performance 151
5.1 Geometric Modeling Approach 151
5.2 Mechanical Model and Performance Analysis 152
5.3 Characterization and Testing 154
6 Applications of Mesh Structural Composites 156
6.1 Aerospace Industry 156
6.2 Other Potential Applications 156
7 Conclusions 157
References 158
Part III: Foamed Porous Matrices for Weight Reduction 161
7 Porous Structures from Fibrous Proteins for Biomedical Applications 162
1 Introduction 163
2 Spinning Methods 164
2.1 Solution Spinning 164
2.2 Wet Spinning 165
2.3 Electrospinning 165
2.4 Phase Separation 166
3 Proteins 167
3.1 Animal Proteins 167
3.1.1 Collagen 167
3.1.2 Gelatin 169
3.1.3 Silk Fibroin 170
3.2 Plant Proteins 172
3.2.1 Zein 172
3.2.2 Soyprotein and Wheat Gluten 174
4 Conclusions 177
References 177
8 Porous Structures from Biobased Synthetic Polymers via Freeze-Drying 181
1 Introduction 182
2 Advantages of Porous Structures 185
3 Importance of Porous Structure 186
4 Factors Influencing Porous Structure 187
4.1 Influence of Freezing Temperature 187
4.2 Solid Content 187
4.3 Influence of Molecular Weight of Polymer 189
4.4 Influence of Different Stirring Time 189
4.5 Influence of Stirring Rate on Properties of Porous Scaffold 190
4.6 Influence of Surfactant Concentration 190
4.7 Influence of Compression Test 191
4.8 Influence of Swelling Ratio and Degradation 191
5 Commonly Used Biobased Synthetic Polymers 191
6 Freeze-Drying and Its Modified Techniques for Porous Structure Manufacturing 196
7 Characterization of Porous Structure 197
7.1 Morphology 197
7.2 Pore Structure 198
7.3 Chemical Characteristics 200
7.4 Porosity 201
7.5 Mechanical Properties 201
8 Limitations of Porous Structures 203
9 Future Outlook 203
References 203
9 Porous Structures from Bio-Based Polymers via Supercritical Drying 209
1 Introduction 210
1.1 Brief History of Aerogels 210
1.2 Biobased Polymers 212
2 Supercritical Drying: Steps for Biobased Polymer Aerogel Preparation 214
2.1 Gel Formation 214
2.2 Solvent Exchange 216
2.3 Supercritical Drying 216
3 Polysaccharide-Based Aerogels 218
3.1 Cellulose Aerogels 218
3.2 Starch Aerogels 223
3.3 Chitin and Chitosan Aerogels 225
3.4 Pectin Aerogels 228
3.5 Beta-Glucan Aerogels 230
3.6 Alginate Aerogels 231
3.7 Agar Aerogels 232
3.8 Carrageenan Aerogels 233
4 Protein-Based Aerogels 234
5 Lignin-Based Aerogels 235
6 Polylactic Acid-Based Aerogels 237
7 Conclusions 237
References 238
10 Carbon Nanotube-Based Aerogels as Preformed Porous Fibrous Network for Reinforcing Lightweight Composites 246
1 Introduction 247
2 Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Carbon Aerogels (DWNT-CA) 248
3 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Carbon Aerogels (SWNT-CA) 250
4 SWNT-CX 253
5 Polymer-CNT Composite 256
6 Ceramic-CNT Composite 258
7 Conclusions 263
References 263
Part IV: Applications: Current Status and Future Prospects 12
11 Porous Lightweight Composites Reinforced with Natural and Agricultural By-Product-Based Fibrous Structures 269
1 Introduction 270
1.1 Traditional Resins and Polymers Used in Composites 270
1.2 Biodegradable Resins 271
1.3 Natural Fibers 271
1.4 Biofibers from Agricultural By-Products 271
1.5 Feathers as Renewable Resources for Industrial Fibers 272
1.6 Advantages and Drawbacks of Natural Fibers over Fiberglass 272
1.7 Natural Fibers: The Fear Factor of the Traditional Manufacturing Industry 274
2 Lightweight Fiber-Reinforced Porous Composites from Agricultural and Poultry Industry By-Products 274
3 Composites from Renewable Resources in the Automotive Industry 275
3.1 Composite Formation Technologies in the Automotive Industry for Fiber-Reinforced Composites 276
3.2 Latest Composites from Agricultural and Poultry By-Products 277
3.2.1 Composites from Commercially Ground Chicken Quill (CGCQ) and PP 277
3.2.2 Feather Fiber (FF)-Reinforced Composites 278
3.2.3 Chemically Extracted Cornhusk Fibers (CHF) and Polypropylene Composites 278
3.2.4 Mechanically Split Cornhusk (MSH) and PP Web Composites 280
3.2.5 Ultra-lightweight Composites from Bamboo 281
4 Conclusions 285
References 288
12 Biobased Composites for Medical and Industrial Applications 291
1 Introduction 292
2 Importance of Biobased Composites 293
2.1 Strategy to Impart Bioactivity to Bioresorbable Synthetic Polymers 294
2.2 Approach of Reducing the Water Absorption 294
3 Frequently Used Polymers for Biobased Composites 295
4 Characterization of Biobased Composites 296
4.1 Porosity 298
4.1.1 Porosity of Porous Foam 298
4.2 Chemical Characteristics 298
5 Structure of Biobased Composites 299
6 Applications of Biobased Composites 300
6.1 Medical Applications 300
6.1.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 300
6.1.2 Cartilage 305
6.1.3 Tendon and Ligament 309
6.1.4 Skin 310
6.1.5 Liver 312
6.1.6 Nerve 313
6.1.7 Drug Delivery 315
6.1.8 Growth Factor Delivery 316
6.1.9 Wound Healing 317
6.2 Industrial Applications 321
6.2.1 Adsorption of Metal Ion 322
6.2.2 Removal of Dye from Aqueous Solution 324
7 Future Outlook 325
References 326
13 High-Performance Composites and Their Applications 340
1 Introduction 341
2 High-Performance Fibers 341
2.1 Carbon Fiber 341
2.2 Aromatic Polyamide Fiber 342
2.3 Preforms 344
3 High-Performance Resins 344
3.1 Epoxy Resins 345
3.2 Bismaleimide (BMI) Resins 345
3.3 Other High-Performance Resins 346
4 Manufacturing Methods and Mechanical Properties of HPCs 347
4.1 Manufacturing Methods of HPCs 347
4.2 Mechanical Properties of HPC 351
5 Applications of HPC 364
6 Conclusions 365
References 367
Erratum to: Porous Structures from Fibrous Proteins for Biomedical Applications 368