Electric Energy Storage Systems (eBook)

Univ.-Prof.Dr.Zbigniew Styczynski held the Chair for Electrical Networks and Renewable Energy Sources at the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany, until April, 2015. He was a lecturer at the University of Stuttgart and the TU Wroclaw. He is a member of IEEE, CIGRE and ETG. From 2007 to 2011 he headed at CIGRE / Paris the world wide active Working Group C6.15 Electric Energy Storage System and is a member of a current Working Group on the subject of energy storage, C6.30. Dr.-Ing. Pio Lombardi works at the Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation in Magdeburg, Germany. He received his PhD in the field of optimization of VPP. He is a member of the ETG and CIGRE, where he was secretary in the CIGRE WG C6.15 and active member of the CIGRE WG C6.30 (The Impact of Battery Energy Storage Systems on Distribution Networks) and C6.22 (Microgrid Evolution Roadmap). Dr.-Ing. Przemyslaw Komarnicki is Deputy Business Unit Manager Process and Plant Technology at the Fraunhofer Institute IFF in Magdeburg, Germany. He received his PhD working in the field of monitoring of distribution networks and in FNN, DKE, IEEE and IEC committees. In the areas of network operation, -monitoring and security and on energy storage, he led several research projects. 

Preface 5
Abbreviations 12
1 Future Power Systems 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Towards a Smart Grid 19
1.2.1 More Renewable Generation in the Future 19
1.2.2 The Core Elements of the European Smart-Grid Vision 23
1.2.3 Changes of the Energy Policy in Europe and the Consequences for Smart Grids 27
1.2.4 Power System Operation in the Future. The Need for More Flexibility in the Smart Grid 33
1.3 Regulatory Boundaries for Smart Grid and Electric Energy Storage 40
References 48
2 Electric Energy Storage System 50
2.1 Requirements for an EES System 50
2.1.1 Development of the EES Use in the Power System 50
2.1.2 Requirements for EES and Extension of Storage Usability in the Smart Grid 56
2.2 Generic Model of EES 61
2.2.1 Standardizing Generic Model of EES 61
2.2.2 Physical Surface of the EES Model. Mathematical Generic Model 68
2.3 EES in the Transmission and Distribution System 70
2.3.1 Factors Influencing the Value of Storage in Transmission Networks 70
2.3.2 EES in the Distribution System 71
2.3.3 Example of Modeling and Implementation of the Models in the Planning and Simulation in Distribution 72
2.3.4 Standardized Models of BES Using the Surface and Interface Structure (SIS) 84
2.4 Storage Systems in Isolated Power Systems 88
2.4.1 Introduction 88
2.4.2 A Case-Based Optimization of Electric Energy Storage Size in an Isolated Power System 88
2.4.3 Multi-Criteria Optimization of IPS 96
References 107
3 International Development Trends in Power Systems 109
3.1 State of the Art 109
3.2 Smart Grid Concept for the Future Grid 110
3.3 European Scenario 111
3.4 Renewable Energy Development in the Iberian Pensinsula 113
3.5 The Danish Scenario 114
3.6 North American Scenario 114
3.7 South American Scenario 117
3.8 Japanese Scenario 119
3.9 Russian Scenario 121
3.10 Chinese Scenario 122
3.11 Australian Scenario 126
References 129
4 Need for Storage. Practical Examples 130
4.1 Methodology of Investigation 130
4.2 Example: Network-Upgrade Deferral 131
4.3 Technical Aspects. Examples from Japan 133
4.4 Storage for Full RES Integration 135
References 138
5 Storage Technologies and Systems 139
5.1 Overview 139
5.2 Energy-Storage Performance Indicators 142
5.3 Electric-Energy Storage System Classification 143
5.4 Pumped-Hydroelectric Storage 144
5.5 Flywheel-Energy Storage 146
5.6 Battery-Energy Storage Systems 150
5.7 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 156
5.8 Power-to-Gas 158
5.9 Compressed-Air Energy Storage 163
References 165
6 Mobile Energy Storage Systems. Vehicle-for-Grid Options 166
6.1 Electric Vehicles 166
6.2 EV Standards and Technologies for Power and Transportation Systems 170
6.3 Electric-Vehicle Networks as Energy Storage Systems in the Power and Transportation System 185
References 188
7 Economics of Electric Energy Storage Systems 190
7.1 Electric-Energy Storage System Applications and Services 190
7.2 Electric-Energy Storage Economics 193
7.2.1 Cost Analysis 193
7.2.2 Investment and Operation Costs Analysis of EES 196
References 203
8 Reliability in Smart Grids with Energy Storage Systems 204
8.1 Reliability in Power-Energy Systems 204
8.2 Grid-Reliability Calculations 206
8.3 Storage-System Reliability 214
8.3.1 Case Study: Calculation of Storage-System Reliability 214
References 220