An Introduction to International Capital Markets, 2e

ANDREW M. CHISHOLM has designed, developed and taught programmes in derivatives and finance since 1984. In that time he has worked with many of the largest financial institutions around the world, teaching corporate financiers, traders, sales and marketing staff, risk managers, analysts, fund managers, operations and technology professionals. He has worked extensively on seminars at senior management level as well as training programmes designed to introduce new graduate and MBA entrants to the securities industry. He was formerly Head of Professional Development for Europe at JP Morgan and is author of Derivatives Demystified published by John Wiley and Sons in 2004.

Acknowledgment. 1 Introduction: The Market Context. 1.1 Capital and the Capital Markets. 1.2 The Euromarkets (International Capital Markets). 1.3 Modern Investment Banking. 1.4 The Clients of Investment Banks. 1.5 About this Book. 2 The Money Markets. 2.1 Chapter Overview. 2.2 Domestic Money Markets. 2.3 US Domestic Markets. 2.4 The European Central Bank (ECB). 2.5 Sterling Money Markets. 2.6 The Bank of Japan. 2.7 Systemic Risks and Moral Hazards. 2.8 Treasury Bills. 2.9 Discounting Treasury Bills. 2.10 US Commercial Paper. 2.11 Credit Risk on USCP. 2.12 Bankers Acceptances. 2.13 The Eurocurrency Markets. 2.14 Eurocurrency Loans and Deposits. 2.15 Eurocurrency Interest and Day-Count. 2.16 Eurocurrency Certificates of Deposit. 2.17 CD Yield-to-Maturity. 2.18 Euro-Commercial Paper. 2.19 Repos and Reverses. 2.20 Repo: Case Study. 2.21 Other Features of Repos. 2.22 Chapter Summary. 3 The Foreign Exchange Market. 3.1 Chapter Overview. 3.2 Market Structure. 3.3 FX Dealers and Brokers. 3.4 Spot Foreign Exchange Deals. 3.5 Sterling and Euro Quotations. 3.6 Factors Affecting Spot FX Rates. 3.7 Spot FX Trading. 3.8 Spot Position Keeping. 3.9 FX Risk Control. 3.10 Cross-Currency Rates. 3.11 Outright Forward FX Rates. 3.12 Outright Forward FX Hedge: Case Study. 3.13 Forward FX Formula. 3.14 FX or Forward Swaps. 3.15 FX Swap Two-Way Quotations. 3.16 Chapter Summary. 4 Major Government Bond Markets. 4.1 Chapter Overview. 4.2 Introduction to Government Bonds. 4.3 Sovereign Risk. 4.4 US Government Notes and Bonds. 4.5 US Treasury Quotations. 4.6 US Treasury Strips. 4.7 Bond Pricing. 4.8 Pricing Coupon Bonds: Examples. 4.9 Detailed Bond Valuation: US Treasury. 4.10 Bond Yield. 4.11 Reinvestment Assumptions. 4.12 Annual and Semi-Annual Bond Yields. 4.13 UK Government Bonds. 4.14 Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs). 4.15 Eurozone Government Bonds. 4.16 Chapter Summary. 5 Bond Price Sensitivity. 5.1 Chapter Overview. 5.2 Bond Market Laws. 5.3 Other Factors Affecting Price Sensitivity. 5.4 Macaulay s Duration. 5.5 Calculating Macaulay s Duration. 5.6 Duration of a Zero. 5.7 Modified Duration. 5.8 Price Value of a Basis Point. 5.9 Convexity. 5.10 Measuring Convexity. 5.11 Convexity Behaviour. 5.12 Portfolio Duration. 5.13 Dedication. 5.14 Immunization. 5.15 Duration-Based Hedges. 5.16 Convexity Effects on Duration Hedges. 5.17 Chapter Summary. 6 The Yield Curve. 6.1 Chapter Overview. 6.2 Real and Nominal Interest Rates. 6.3 Compounding Periods. 6.4 The Yield Curve Defined. 6.5 Theories of Yield Curves. 6.6 Zero Coupon or Spot Rates. 6.7 Bootstrapping. 6.8 Spot Rates and the Par Curve. 6.9 Pricing Models Using Spot Rates. 6.10 Forward Rates. 6.11 Discount Factors. 6.12 Chapter Summary. 7 Credit Spreads and Securitization. 7.1 Chapter Overview. 7.2 Basics of Credit Spreads. 7.3 The Role of the Ratings Agencies. 7.4 Credit Spreads and Default Probabilities. 7.5 Credit Default Swaps. 7.6 Index Credit Default Swaps. 7.7 Basket Default Swaps. 7.8 Credit-Linked Notes. 7.9 Securitization and CDOs. 7.10 Rationale for Securitization. 7.11 Synthetic CDOs. 7.12 Chapter Summary. 8 Equity Markets and Equity Investment. 8.1 Chapter Overview. 8.2 Comparing Corporate Debt and Equity. 8.3 Additional Features of Common Stock. 8.4 Hybrid Securities. 8.5 Equity Investment Styles. 8.6 Efficient Markets. 8.7 Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). 8.8 Primary Markets for Common Stock. 8.9 Subsequent Common Stock Issues. 8.10 Secondary Markets: Major Stock Markets. 8.11 Depository Receipts. 8.12 Stock Lending. 8.13 Portfolio (Basket) Trading. 8.14 Chapter Summary. 9 Equity Fundamental Analysis. 9.1 Chapter Overview. 9.2 Principles of Common Stock Valuation. 9.3 The Balance Sheet Equation. 9.4 The Income Statement. 9.5 Earnings Per Share (EPS). 9.6 Dividend Per Share (DPS). 9.7 Ratio Analysis. 9.8 Liquidity Ratios. 9.9 Profitability Ratios. 9.10 Leverage Ratios. 9.11 Investor Ratios and Valuation. 9.12 Applying Valuation Multiples. 9.13 Firm or Enterprise Value Multiples. 9.14 Chapter Summary. 10 Cash Flow Models in Equity Valuation. 10.1 Chapter Overview. 10.2 The Basic Dividend Discount Model. 10.3 Constant Dividend Growth Models. 10.4 The Implied Return on a Share. 10.5 Dividend Yield and Dividend Growth. 10.6 Price/Earnings Ratio. 10.7 Stage Dividend Discount Models. 10.8 Two-Stage Model: Example. 10.9 The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). 10.10 Beta. 10.11 Estimating the Market Risk Premium. 10.12 The Equity Risk Premium Controversy. 10.13 CAPM and Portfolio Theory. 10.14 Free Cash Flow Valuation. 10.15 Forecasting Free Cash Flows. 10.16 Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). 10.17 Residual Value. 10.18 WACC and Leverage. 10.19 Assets Beta Method. 10.20 Company Value and Leverage. 10.21 Chapter Summary. 11 Interest Rate Forwards and Futures. 11.1 Chapter Overview. 11.2 Forward Rate Agreements (FRAs). 11.3 FRA Application: Case Study. 11.4 Borrowing Costs with an FRA Hedge. 11.5 FRA Market Quotations. 11.6 The Forward Interest Rate. 11.7 Financial Futures. 11.8 CME Eurodollar Futures. 11.9 Eurodollar Futures Quotations. 11.10 Futures Margining. 11.11 Margining Example: EURIBOR Futures on Eurex. 11.12 Hedging with Interest Rate Futures: Case Study. 11.13 Futures Strips. 11.14 Chapter Summary. Appendix: Statistics on Derivatives Markets. 12 Bond Futures. 12.1 Chapter Overview. 12.2 Definitions. 12.3 The CBOT 30-Year US Treasury Bonds Futures. 12.4 Invoice Amount and Conversion Factors. 12.5 Long Gilt and Euro-Bund Futures. 12.6 Forward Bond Price. 12.7 Carry Cost. 12.8 The Implied Repo Rate. 12.9 The Cheapest to Deliver (CTD) Bond. 12.10 CTD Behaviour. 12.11 Hedging with Bond Futures. 12.12 Basis Risk. 12.13 Hedging Non-CTD Bonds. 12.14 Using Futures in Portfolio Management. 12.15 Chapter Summary. 13 Interest Rate Swaps. 13.1 Chapter Overview. 13.2 Swap Definitions. 13.3 The Basic Interest Rate Swap Illustrated. 13.4 Typical Swap Applications. 13.5 Interest Rate Swap: Detailed Case Study. 13.6 Interest Rate Swap Terms. 13.7 Comparative Advantage. 13.8 Swap Quotations and Spreads. 13.9 Determinants of Swap Spreads. 13.10 Hedging Swaps with Treasuries. 13.11 Cross-Currency Swaps: Case Study. 13.12 Cross-Currency Swap Revaluation. 13.13 Chapter Summary. Appendix: Swap Variants. 14 Interest Rate Swap Valuation. 14.1 Chapter Overview. 14.2 Valuing a Swap at Inception. 14.3 Valuing the Swap Components. 14.4 Swap Revaluation. 14.5 Revaluation Between Payment Dates. 14.6 The Forward Rate Method. 14.7 Forward Rate Method on a Spreadsheet. 14.8 Swap Rates and LIBOR Rates. 14.9 Pricing a Swap from Futures. 14.10 Hedging Interest Rate Risk on Swaps. 14.11 Chapter Summary. 15 Equity Index Futures and Swaps. 15.1 Chapter Overview. 15.2 Index Futures. 15.3 Margining Procedures. 15.4 Final Settlement and Spread Trades. 15.5 Hedging with Index Futures: Case Study. 15.6 Hedge Efficiency. 15.7 Other Uses of Index Futures. 15.8 Pricing an Equity Forward Contract. 15.9 Index Futures Fair Value. 15.10 The Basis. 15.11 Index Arbitrage Trade. 15.12 Running an Arbitrage Desk. 15.13 Features of Index Futures. 15.14 Equity Swaps. 15.15 Managing the Risks on Equity Swaps. 15.16 Structuring Equity Swaps. 15.17 Benefits and Applications of Equity Swaps. 15.18 Chapter Summary. 16 Fundamentals of Options. 16.1 Chapter Overview. 16.2 Definitions. 16.3 Basic Option Trading Strategies. 16.4 Long Call: Expiry Payoff Profile. 16.5 Short Call: Expiry Payoff Profile. 16.6 Long Put: Expiry Payoff Profile. 16.7 Short Put: Expiry Payoff Profile. 16.8 Summary: Intrinsic and Time Value. 16.9 CBOE Stock Options. 16.10 CME S&P 500 Index Options. 16.11 Stock Options on LIFFE. 16.12 FT-SE 100 Index Options. 16.13 Chapter Summary. Appendix: Exotic Options. 17 Option Valuation Models. 17.1 Chapter Overview. 17.2 Fundamental Principles: European Options. 17.3 Synthetic Forwards and Futures. 17.4 American Options and Early Exercise. 17.5 Binomial Trees. 17.6 Expanding the Tree. 17.7 Black-Scholes Model. 17.8 Black-Scholes Assumptions. 17.9 Chapter Summary. Appendix: Measuring Historic Volatility. 18 Option Pricing and Risks. 18.1 Chapter Overview. 18.2 Intrinsic and Time Value Behaviour. 18.3 Volatility Assumption and Option Pricing. 18.4 DELTA ( OR ). 18.5 Delta Behaviour. 18.6 GAMMA ( or ). 18.7 Readjusting the Delta Hedge. 18.8 Gamma Behaviour. 18.9 THETA ( ). 18.10 Vega. 18.11 Rho (p) and Summary of Greeks. 18.12 Chapter Summary. Appendix: Delta and Gamma Hedging. 19 Option Strategies. 19.1 Chapter Overview. 19.2 Hedging with Put Options. 19.3 Covered Call Writing. 19.4 Collars. 19.5 Bull and Bear Spreads. 19.6 Other Spread Trades. 19.7 Volatility Revisited. 19.8 Volatility Trading: Straddles and Strangles. 19.9 Current Payoff Profiles. 19.10 Profits and Risks on Straddles. 19.11 Chapter Summary. 20 Additional Option Applications. 20.1 Chapter Overview. 20.2 OTC and Exchange-traded Currency Options. 20.3 Hedging FX Exposures with Options: Case Study. 20.4 Pricing Currency Options. 20.5 Interest Rate Options. 20.6 Exchange-Traded Interest Rate Options. 20.7 Caps, Floors, and Collars. 20.8 Interest Rate Cap: Case Study. 20.9 Pricing Caps and Floors: Black Model. 20.10 Swaptions. 20.11 Interest Rate Strategies. 20.12 Convertible Bonds. 20.13 CB Measures of Value. 20.14 Conversion Premium and Parity. 20.15 Convertible Arbitrage. 20.16 Chapter Summary. Glossary of Financial Terms. Index.