Sustainable Access to Energy in the Global South (eBook)

Silvia Hostettler is Deputy Director of the Center for Development and Cooperation at the Ecole Poyltechnique Fédéral de Lausanne (EPFL). She studied Tropical Environmental Science at the University of Aberdeen followed by a postgraduate course on development studies with EPFL which took her to Burkina Faso for six months. Upon returning from Africa, she started working with IUCN – The World Conservation Union at IUCN headquarters in Gland. In 2001, she was recruited as Research Programme Coordinator at EPFL in the framework of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research North-South. At the same time, she fulfilled a mandate for backstopping regional workshops in Ethiopia, Kenya, Cuba, Bolivia, Nepal and Vietnam. In 2007, she obtained her PhD from EPFL. From 2008 to 2012 she was based in Bangalore, India as Executive Director of swissnex, a Swiss House for Science facilitating research collaboration between Switzerland and India. Since September 2012 she is again based at EPFL where she is responsible for coordinating research activities and for the UNESCO Chair in Technologies for Development Conference. She is also in charge of education courses offered by CODEV at EPFL and gives lectures in the field of cooperation and development, in particular on the development potential of technologies and innovation in the global South. Ashok Gadgil is the Director of the Environmental Energy Technologies Division at LBNL and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of California Berkeley. Dr. Gadgil holds a Ph.D. in Physics from UCB and an M.Sc. in Physics from IIT/Kanpur. He has won numerous awards and honors for his inventions, including the Heinz Award for the Environment (2009), “Sustainability Pioneer Award” from SAG/SAM of Zurich (2010), The European Inventor Award, and the NCIIA Lifetime Award for teaching innovation (both 2011), and the Zayed Future Energy Prize, and the Lemelson-MIT Global Innovation Award (both 2012). He specializes in heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and design for development. He also has substantial experience in technical, economic, and policy research on energy efficiency and its implementation – particularly in developing countries. He has several inventions in the realm of sustainable development, including the Berkeley-Darfur Stove (which is being deployed in Darfur by the nonprofit Potential Energy) and “UV Waterworks,” a technology to inexpensively disinfect drinking water in the developing countries. Eileen Hazboun is of Palestinian/Jordanian origin, born in the Sudan with extensive international exposure: living in Switzerland, Australia, the United States, countries of South East Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Philippines) and the South Pacific (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu). Eileen has experience in human resources working with Ernst & Young in Los Angeles; PR/Communications with the World Business Council of Sustainable Development at the time of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Brazil; fundraising and humanitarian aid with the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the management of the global ticketing logistics and supply chain activities at the International Air Transport Association, prior to the implementation of electronic ticketing. Since January 2010, she has been working in CODEV as the Coordinator for the UNESCO Chair in Technologies for Development as well as the CAS in Management of Development Projects and the CAS in Disaster Risk Reduction. Eileen holds a BA in Humanities from Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia and an MBA from the University of Geneva. Eileen is multi-lingual speaking English, French and Arabic.

Preface 5
Acknowledgments 7
Scientific Committee and Session Leaders 9
Contents 11
Editors and Contributors 14
Part I Introduction 18
1 Energy Challenges in the Global South 19
Abstract 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 The Need for More Efficiency 20
1.3 The Potential of Renewables 21
1.4 Socioeconomic Benefits of Energy Access 22
1.5 Upscaling 23
1.6 Gender-Blind Technology 23
1.7 Conclusion 24
References 25
Part II Socioeconomic Benefitsof Energy Access 26
2 Holistic and Systemic Approaches to Implement Energy Access Solutions in the Global South 27
Abstract 27
2.1 Energy Is Essential for Development 27
2.2 Complexity of Energy Access Projects 28
2.3 Energy Security, Quality, and Efficiency 28
2.4 Holistic and Systemic Approaches 29
2.4.1 Technologies Adapted to the Local Context 30
2.4.2 Sociopolitical Factors in the Value Chain 30
2.4.3 Business Models for Deployment 31
2.5 Universal Access to Energy 32
References 33
3 Toward Universal Energy Access: The Energy Market System Framework 34
Abstract 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Defining Energy Access 35
3.3 Energy Delivery Models 37
3.4 Energy Access Ecosystem 38
3.5 Energy Market System Assessment Framework 38
3.5.1 Levels of the Market System Framework 39
3.6 Participatory Market Mapping Workshop (PMMW) 41
3.6.1 Preliminary Market Mapping 41
3.6.2 Supporting Marginalized Market Actors 41
3.6.3 Identifying and Hooking the Most Powerful Actors 42
3.6.4 The Participatory Market Mapping Workshop Event 42
3.6.5 Outputs from Rwanda Cookstoves PMMW 44
3.7 Conclusion 44
References 45
4 Increasing the Impact of Electrification Through the Promotion of Productive Uses 46
Abstract 46
4.1 Poverty Reduction Through Energy Access? 46
4.2 How to Promote PUE? 48
4.2.1 Electrification Plus Approach 49
4.2.2 Call-for-Proposals Approach 50
4.2.3 Application-Centered Approach 51
4.2.4 PUE Financing Approach 52
4.2.5 Cross-Sectoral Approach 53
4.3 Who Is Who in PUE Promotion? 54
4.3.1 Ministries and Other Government Institutions 54
4.3.2 Rural Electrification Agencies 56
4.3.3 Utilities 56
4.3.4 Private Sector and Civil Society 57
4.3.5 Financing Institutions 58
4.4 Conclusion 58
References 60
5 An Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Approach for the Assessment of Energy Development Projects 61
Abstract 61
5.1 Monitoring and Evaluation of Energy Development Projects 61
5.2 An Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Approach 63
5.2.1 The Logical Framework Approach 63
5.2.2 The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework 64
5.2.3 The Integrated Approach 65
5.3 Case Study: An Application of the Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Model 66
5.4 Conclusions 68
References 69
6 Holistic Approach to Sufficient, Reliable, and Efficient Electricity Supply in Hospitals of Developing Countries: Cameroon Case Study 71
Abstract 71
6.1 Introduction and Purpose 72
6.2 Design and Methods 73
6.2.1 The Problem Tree Analysis Method 73
6.2.2 Research Method 74
6.3 Results 75
6.3.1 Characterization of Technical Problems 75
6.3.1.1 Quality of the Electrical Installation 75
6.3.1.2 Power Quality Issues and Consequences 76
6.3.1.3 Analysis of Energy Needs 77
6.3.2 Socio-institutional and Economic Factors Related to Hospital Electric Instability 78
6.3.3 The Complex Problem Tree of Electricity Supply Instability Within Hospitals 80
6.3.3.1 Causes 80
6.3.3.2 Consequences 80
6.4 Analysis and Solutions Perspectives 82
6.4.1 Core Issues and Potential Solutions 82
6.4.1.1 Technical Solution for Adequate Power Backup and Electricity Stabilization 83
6.4.1.2 Elements of Socio-Managerial Solutions for Adequate Power Backup and Electricity Stabilization 86
6.4.2 Limitations and Further Studies 87
6.5 Conclusion 88
Acknowledgments 88
References 89
Part III Up-Scaling Energy Solutions 90
7 Scaling-Up Sustainable Pro-poor Energy Solutions: Addressing Stumbling Blocks 91
Abstract 91
7.1 Access to Energy: A Key Issue of Sustainable Development 92
7.2 Long-Term Viability and Successful Scaling-Up of Improved Energy Technologies 92
7.3 An Actor-Oriented Perspective for Addressing Stumbling Blocks 93
7.4 The Contributions of Part III 94
Acknowledgments 95
References 96
8 Techno-Economic Feasibility of Green Charcoal Production in Kenya 97
Abstract 97
8.1 Introduction 98
8.2 Household Cooking Fuel Economics 99
8.2.1 Methodology 99
8.2.2 Results 99
8.3 Low-Cost Technologies 102
8.3.1 Pyrolysis Kilns 102
8.3.2 Briquetting Technologies 104
8.4 Commercial and Scaling Landscape 104
8.4.1 Methodology 105
8.4.2 Results 105
8.5 Discussion 107
8.5.1 Summary of Key Lessons 107
8.5.2 Commercialization Strategy 108
Acknowledgments 109
References 110
9 Putting the End-User First: Towards Addressing Contesting Values in Renewable Energy Systems Deployment for Low-Income Households---A Case from Likoma Island, Malawi 111
Abstract 111
9.1 Background 111
9.2 Methodology 113
9.2.1 Study Site 113
9.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 113
9.3 Findings 115
9.3.1 Household Energy Requirement 115
9.3.2 Purchasing Power for Energy 116
9.3.2.1 Energy Service Prioritization 116
9.3.2.2 Satisfaction with Energy Services 117
9.4 Discussion 117
9.4.1 Barriers to Renewable Energy Development on Likoma Island 118
9.4.1.1 Local Socioeconomic Barriers 118
9.4.1.2 National Institutional Barriers 118
9.4.1.3 Market System Barriers 119
9.4.2 Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development on Likoma Island 119
9.4.2.1 Potential for User Satisfaction and Convenience 119
9.4.2.2 National Economic Advantages 120
9.5 Conclusion and Way Forward 120
Acknowledgments 121
References 121
10 Energy Poverty and the Perception of, and Satisfaction with, Renewable Energy Technologies: The Case of Solar Villages in Pakistan 123
Abstract 123
10.1 Introduction 123
10.2 Study Design and Methodology 125
10.2.1 Study Area and Timing of Survey 125
10.2.2 The Energy Poverty Survey: Sampling, Main Questions, and Response Rates 126
10.3 Results 128
10.3.1 Appliances Owned, Energy Sources Used, Income, and Occupation in RET Communities 128
10.3.2 Energy Poverty Among RET Households 128
10.3.3 Perception of RET by Non-RET Households 131
10.3.4 Willingness to Pay for RET 132
10.3.5 Satisfaction with RET in RET Households 132
10.4 Reasons for the Failure of Solar PV Projects 133
10.4.1 Lack of Knowledge About Households' Demand 133
10.4.2 Maintenance and Follow-up 133
10.5 Conclusions 134
10.5.1 The Causes of Disillusion 134
10.5.2 Recommendations 135
Acknowledgments 135
References 135
11 Decision-Making and Planning Framework to Improve the Deployment Success of Decentralized Rural Electrification in India 138
Abstract 138
11.1 Introduction 139
11.1.1 Rural Electrification in India 139
11.1.2 Decentralized Rural Electrification (DRE) in India 140
11.1.3 Existing Research on the Limited Success of DRE 140
11.2 Research Approach and Methodology 140
11.2.1 Qualitative Case Study Analysis 141
11.2.2 Unstructured Interviews with Stakeholders and Field Visits 141
11.2.3 Framework Development 144
11.3 Research Findings 144
11.3.1 Technical and Operational Challenges 145
11.3.2 Economic Challenges 145
11.3.3 Social and Socioeconomic Challenges 146
11.3.4 Policy and Institutional Challenges 147
11.3.5 Environmental Challenges 148
11.3.6 Management Level of Challenges 149
11.4 Planning and Decision-Making Framework for Decentralized Rural Electrification Projects 150
11.4.1 Key Components of the Framework 150
11.4.2 Discussion of the Framework 152
11.4.3 Conclusions and Discussion 152
References 153
Part IV Potential of Renewable EnergyTechnologies 155
12 Up-Scaling and Mainstreaming Renewable Energy Technologies for Energy Security, Climate Change, and Economic Development 156
Abstract 156
12.1 Introduction 156
12.2 Renewable Energy: A Viable Alternative to Fossil Fuels 157
12.3 New Business Models for the Mainstreaming of RE 157
12.4 Conclusions 159
References 160
13 Local Government Resists the Implementation of Renewable Technologies 161
Abstract 161
13.1 Introduction 161
13.2 Overview of Photovoltaic Energy Generation 162
13.2.1 Cost of Photovoltaic Energy 162
13.2.2 Employment for Photovoltaic Energy 164
13.3 Policy Trends in Local Authorities 165
13.3.1 Redistribution and Technology 165
13.3.2 Green Economy 165
13.4 Electricity Tariffs 166
13.4.1 Predictions on Photovoltaic Uptake 166
13.4.2 Impact of Rooftop Solar on Revenue Collection 168
13.5 Policy Recommendations 168
References 170
14 Green Mini-grids: Evidence from India's Experience Provides Lessons for Scale-up in Low-Income Countries 172
Abstract 172
14.1 Introduction and Purpose 173
14.2 Current Status of Energy Access and Mini-grids in India 174
14.3 Mini-grid Sustainability Issues or the Lack of It---Lessons from Earlier Programs 174
14.3.1 Technical Sustainability 175
14.3.2 Financial Sustainability 175
14.3.3 Institutional Sustainability 176
14.3.4 Social Sustainability 176
14.4 Strategy to Ensure Sustainability 177
14.4.1 Risk Assessment Framework and Decision Tool 177
14.4.2 Anchor Load 180
14.4.3 Carbon Benefits 181
14.5 Conclusion and Way Forward 181
References 182
15 Large-Scale Diffusion of Biomass Thermal Gasifiers in India's Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises: Experiences and Opportunities 183
Abstract 183
15.1 Introduction 183
15.2 SDC--TERI Biomass Energy Program: A Journey of Two Decades 185
15.3 Drivers and Barriers 186
15.4 Way Forward for Scaling-up 189
References 190
Part V Gender-Blind Energy Technology 191
16 Engaging with Gender and Other Social Inequalities in Renewable Energy Projects 192
Abstract 192
16.1 Introduction 192
References 194
17 Gender, Energy, and Inequalities: A Capabilities Approach Analysis of Renewable Electrification Projects in Peru 196
Abstract 196
17.1 Introduction 197
17.2 The Capabilities Approach as a Framework to Analyze Gender Inequalities 197
17.3 Off-Grid Electrification Projects in Cajamarca 200
17.4 Results: Gender Inequalities in Electrification Projects 202
17.5 Contributions of the Capabilities Approach to Practical Action Project Planning 203
17.6 Conclusions 205
References 205
18 The Cookstove--Rape Prevention Myth and the Limits of Techno-saviorism 208
Abstract 208
18.1 Introduction 208
18.2 Unpacking the Cookstoves--Rape Prevention Myth 209
18.3 The Discursive Construction of ``Stoves Reduce Rape'' 211
18.4 Myths, Consequences, Gender Injustices 214
18.5 Concluding Remarks 217
References 217
19 Deconstructing `Discriminatory' Technologies: Insights into Inclusive Development from Improved Cookstove Projects in Nigeria 219
Abstract 219
19.1 Introduction 220
19.2 Research Design and Methods 221
19.3 The Improved Egaga Stove as Appropriate Technology 222
19.4 Analysis of a Technological Transition: From the Improved Egaga to the CleanCook 224
19.5 Analysis of Differential Impact: The CleanCook and the Energy Ladder 227
19.6 Conclusion 229
References 230
Part VI Targeted Training and CapacityBuilding Energy Programs 231
20 Supporting the Development and Deployment of Sustainable Energy Technologies Through Targeted Scientific Training 232
Abstract 232
20.1 Capacity Building to Foster the Dissemination and Development of Sustainable Energy Technology 232
References 234
21 Building Local Capacities to Monitor Methane Extraction in Lake Kivu 235
Abstract 235
21.1 Introduction and Purpose 236
21.2 Design and Methods 237
21.3 Results 239
21.3.1 Near-Plant Monitoring 239
21.3.2 Lake-Wide Monitoring by the Lake Kivu Monitoring Laboratory 241
21.4 Conclusion 242
References 243
22 Bali, Indonesia: Combating Climate Change and Poverty---Recycling Used Cooking Oil by Transforming It into Biodiesel 245
Abstract 245
22.1 Introduction and Purpose 245
22.2 Design and Methods 248
22.3 Results 250
22.4 Conclusions 253
References 254