Green Industrial Revolution (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Green Industrial Revolution: Energy, Engineering and Economics 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Acknowledgments 8
Contents 10
Introduction 16
It Started with Industry 17
The Solution from Commercial Technologies 18
Chapter 1: The Endgame 22
From San Diego on 22
The GIR's Key Components 27
Government Support and Financing Is Required 29
The GIR Cannot Come Soon Enough 30
References 31
Chapter 2: Industrial Development 34
The First Industrial Revolution 34
The Second Industrial Revolution 37
Not Enough Supply, too Much Demand 40
The Green Industrial Revolution 42
Sustainability is the Key 46
Renewable Energy and Distributed on-Site Power 46
Government Support is Crucial 50
The Next Economics: Social Capitalism 51
References 55
Chapter 3: Big Oil's Impact 58
OIL: An Ancient Product 59
The Oil Industry 62
Developing an Oil Industry 65
The First Oil Well Was Drilled in China in 347 67
OPEC and the Oil Embargo 72
OPEC Pricing and the Politics of the Persian Gulf 76
Subsidies and Politics 80
Massive Oil Spills 80
Big Oil's Influence in the United States 83
Oil's Reserves and its Future 87
References 90
Chapter 4: Coal, Natural Gas, and Nuclear Power 92
Coal 93
Natural Gas 97
Hydraulic Fracturing 99
Nuclear Power 106
The Most Polluted Place on Earth: Russia's Mayak Nuclear Reactor 112
References 113
Chapter 5: Climate Change, Science and Technology, and Economics are the Forces Behind the GIR 116
What is Climate Change? 122
Top 10 Warmest Years (1880-2013) 123
Pioneering Climate Change Research 127
United Nations: The Epic Step Forward 129
AR5: Key Findings 130
There Are So Many More Human Beings-And More Coming 131
Science and Technology 132
Additive Manufacturing 134
LED Lighting 135
Hydrogen Power and Fuel Cell Storage 136
Economics 137
Marketing Green 138
Green Jobs 140
References 140
Chapter 6: Renewable Technologies 144
What is Electricity? 144
Renewable Energy 146
Wind Power Generation 147
Development of China's Wind Industry 151
China's Wind Power 152
Solar: Energy from the Sun 155
China's Solar Valley City 157
US Solar 158
Water as Energy: From Hydroelectric to Ocean Waves and the Run of Rivers 160
Geothermal 162
Biomass, Recycled and Reusable Generation 164
For the Planet's Benefit and Human Health: Renewables Have to Come First 165
Renewable Energy Systems are Protecting the Environment and Changing Local Communities 166
References 168
Chapter 7: Storage Technologies 170
V2G Power Storage in Electric Cars 175
Hydrogen: A Breakthrough Technology 177
References 183
Chapter 8: Smart, Green Grids* 184
Europe's Parallel Lines 187
China's Leading Smart Grid 188
References 192
Chapter 9: Emerging Green Industrial Revolution Technologies 194
A Revolution in Lighting Technologies and Peak Demand Response 195
Cool Roofs Will Offset Carbon 198
Nanotechnology: ``Really´´ Small Things 199
Regeneration Braking: From Trains to Cars to Trains and Back Again 200
Combined Heat and Power 202
Heat Pumps and Seawater Heat Pumps 203
High-Speed Rail and Maglev Trains Have Become Realities 204
Biofuel: A Transitional Energy Power 205
Algae as a Biofuel Source 206
GIR Fuel from Plants 207
Waste to Energy 208
Commercializing Emerging Technologies 209
References 210
Chapter 10: China 212
Emerging World Leader in Environmental Sustainability 215
China's Energy Needs are Massive 217
China's Solar Valley City 218
Wind Power 219
The Green Technology Culture 221
References 224
Chapter 11: The Green Industrial Revolution is Spreading Around the World 226
Asia Leading 226
South Korea 227
Europe 229
America 232
Canada 236
Central and South America 237
India 239
Southeast Asia 239
Australia and New Zealand 240
Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 241
References 244
Chapter 12: Economics of the Green Industrial Revolution 246
True Cost of Oil 250
Free-Market Economics Has Failed 253
China's Central Planning Model 256
The Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) Model 258
FiT: California Style 260
Paying to Mitigate Climate Change 261
Green Jobs: The GIR's Results 264
Private Investment Is Needed 267
Google Invests Over $1 Billion in Green Tech 268
References 271
Chapter 13: Smart Sustainable Communities 274
Los Angeles: The Car-Centric 2IR City 275
Sustainable Communities Are the Answer 276
Denmark 278
Agile Systems 280
Sustainability Starts at Home 282
Creating Sustainable Communities 286
Three Smart Green Sustainable Communities 287
Frederikshavn 287
Expansion of District Heating Grid 288
Transportation 289
Biogas Plant and Methanol Production 289
Geothermal and Heat Pumps 289
Wind Power 289
University of California Davis West Village 290
Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City 291
References 294
Chapter 14: A Smart Green Future 296
To the End of the Oil Age 298
Grid Parity 300
Energy Deflation 301
Zero Marginal Cost 303
References 306
Appendix 2: The Economic Implications of Green Industrial Revolution (GIR) in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland 308
Overview 308
EU Regulations Favoring GIR 309
The Potential of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 312
Financing Green Technologies 315
The Signs of the GIR in Poland 317
Renewable Energy 320
The Use of Biomass and Waste for Energy Production 322
Construction 323
Automotive Industry 324
Biotechnology 325
The Innovative Polish ``Green Technology´´ Companies 326
References 332
Appendix 4: The Green Revolution Applied in Everyday Life 334
Overview 334
Conventional Economics: On Product Codes and Labels 335
The Product, Service, and Distribution Change: Ecolabels 335
Global Transition Economy: Social Capitalism 338
Successful Cases: Ecolables as Part of Corporations 340
Behavior Change Likely 342
Unlimited Energy 344
Conclusion: The Next Steps 350
References 352
Appendix 6: Reforming the Energy Vision in New York State 354
Introduction 354
Transmission Grid Planning 356
Distribution Resources Plans 358
Distribution System Operator 363
Conclusion 367
Appendix 7: The World Is Round and Green: It Needs Strong Medicine 368
Status Report (Summer 2014) 368
The Global Perspective 369
The local US State Perspective: Consider This Factual Case of the Climate Problem 371
So the Question is: Will We Have the President's Back? 373
So the Final Question is This: What Are You Prepared to Do? 373
Other Climate Impacts and Results: Not Good 374
The Green Medicine: NOW 375
APPENDIX 8: Creating a Cradle to Cradle World: Executive Summary Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute 378
Overview 378
Executive Summary 379
The State of the C2C World 380
The Big Idea 380
Necessary Step for Scaling the Big Idea 382
The Current State of C2C Business Adoption 383
Desso 383
Aveda 383
Steelcase 384
Shaw Floors 384
Method 384
Findings: Impacts of the Cradle to Cradle Certified Products Program 386
Business Benefits: Good Design Equals Good Business 386
Environmental Benefits: From Gray to Green 387
Social Benefits: Fair+Healthy=Happy 387
Embracing the Circular Economy 388
Appendix 10: The Formidable Fight for Fuel 390
Overview 390
The Disguised Demon 391
The Concealed Price We Pay 392
The Squabble for Nonrenewable Resources 392
The Revocation of Hindering Regulation 393
The Fearless Fighters 394
The Accrual of Blood Money 395
The Fight for a Finer Future 395
Conclusion 396
References 396
Appendix 11: Smart Green Energy Communities: A Definition and an Analysis of Their Economic Sustainability in Europe 398
Overview 398
Implementation of Smart Green Energy Communities 400
The Current State of SGECs 401
Specific Nations in the EU 405
Spain 405
Germany 406
Economics: How the SCEG is Funded 407
Policy Makers: From Elected Officials to Regulators 408
Conclusions 410
References 411
Appendix 12: Potential of Offshore Wind in the Republic of Mauritius 414
Introduction 414
Energy Demand in the Republic of Mauritius 414
Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Republic of Mauritius 415
Visual Impact 415
Apparent Height 416
Noise Impact 416
Distance to Dissipate Noise Emitted During Operation 417
Impact on the Wildlife 417
Fish 417
Birds 417
Environmental Impact 418
Cost Breakdown 418
Interference and Extreme Weather Conditions 419
Cyclonic Risks to Offshore Wind Farms 419
Tropical Cyclones in the Republic of Mauritius 420
Wind Gusts 420
Frequency and Direction of Incoming Tropical Cyclones 420
Interference with the Aviation Industry 422
Wave Loads 424
Extreme Waves 424
Cyclonic Waves 424
Tsunami 425
Effect of Wave Loads 425
Siting 425
Wind Resource in the Republic of Mauritius 425
Offshore Wind Speed in the Republic of Mauritius 426
Mean Offshore Wind Speed 426
Wind Turbine Selection 427
Site Assessment 427
Comparative Analysis 428
Economic Analysis 429
Electricity Cost 429
Payback Period 429
Energy Analysis 431
Life-Cycle Assessment 431
Life Cycle Impact Assessment 431
Carbon Credit 432
Energy Payback 433
Recommendations 433
Scenario A: Downscaling of the Wind Farm Capacity 434
Scenario B: Exportation of Excess Energy 434
Scenario C: Meeting the Future Energy Demand 434
Scenario D: New location for Offshore Wind Farm 434
Conclusion 434
Conclusion: Further Work 435
References 436
Appendix 13: A Case of Community Involvement in Wind Turbine Planning 440
Introduction 440
History of Development and Ownership 441
Definition of Community Ownership 442
Advantages of Community Ownership 442
Problem Description 443
Research Question 444
Subquestions 445
Project Description 445
Methodology 447
Data Collection 447
Literature Study 447
Interviews 449
Case Study 450
Stakeholder Analysis 451
Wind Site Assessment 452
Financial Calculations 452
Validity and Reliability of Data 453
Theory and Parameters 453
The Need of Community Ownership and the Term Social Acceptance 454
Surveys Concerning Attitudes and Acceptance 455
Types of Community 456
Danish State 457
Municipality 457
Large Communities within a Municipality 457
Small Communities Within a Municipality 457
Ownership Models in Denmark 458
Individual Investors 459
Private Companies 459
Cooperatives 459
Municipalities 460
Foundations 461
Renewable Energy Laws 461
The Four Re Schemes 462
Summary 464
Case Studies 464
Ærø 465
Samsø 467
Summary 470
Site Assessment 471
Area Introduction 471
Site Overview 473
WindPRO Model Analysis 473
Visual and audible influence 474
Stakeholder Analysis 479
Stakeholder Characteristics 479
Key Stakeholders 480
Ole Østergaard/Primary Investors 480
Vinderød Community 481
Municipality 481
Environmental Interest Group, for Example, Danmarks Naturfredningsforening 482
Summerhouse Owners 482
Nonprofit Consultant 483
Stakeholder Table 483
Stakeholder Table Analysis 484
High Importance 485
Ole Østergaard/Primary Investors 485
Summerhouse Owners 485
Moderate Importance 486
Environmental Interest Group, for Example, Danmarks Naturfredningsforening 486
Municipality 486
Low Importance 487
Vinderød 487
Miscellaneous 487
Consultant 487
Summary 488
Ownership Models and Project Economics 488
Economics 488
Costs 488
Income 489
Taxation 490
Dynamic Payback Time 491
Ownership Models 492
80% Primary Scheme 492
Assumptions 492
Investment/Returns 493
Discussion 494
60% Primary Scheme 495
Assumptions 495
Investment/Returns 495
Discussion 496
60 % Community Scheme 496
Assumptions 496
Investment/Returns 497
Discussion 497
Sensitivity Analysis 498
Summary 499
Discussion 500
Proposed Ownership Model 500
Approach Towards the Community 501
Stage of ``Knowledge Gathering´´ 502
Stage of ``Introducing the Project to the Community´´ 503
``Preconstruction´´ Stage 504
Final remarks: Suggestions 504
Conclusion 505
Perspective Analysis 507
References 508
Appendix 14: eHealth for Sustainable Health Care in Serbia 512
Introduction 512
The Serbian Perspective on Health Care and the Need for ICTs 513
Electronic Thyroid Network to Improve Patient Referral System: ``Thyro-Net Serbia´´ 516
Proposed Project Objective 517
Rationale 517
Pilot Project ``Zlatibor´´ 518
Organizational Change/Monitoring System Utilization 520
Sustainable Utilization of eHealth Is Influenced by Organizational and Cultural Factors 523
Research Objective 525
Study Design 525
Discussion 528
Conclusion 529
Acknowledgments 531
References 531
Websites 534
Appendix 15: UC Davis West Village Energy Initiative Annual Report 2012-2013 536
Foreword 537
About UC Davis West Village 539
A New Campus Community 539
The West Village Energy Initiative 539
Energy Design and Performance 541
Reporting Period 541
Major Milestones in the Construction of UC Davis West Village 542
Progress Towards the ZNE Goal 543
Obstacles Identified and Lessons Learned 545
Commissioning 545
Modeling and Design 546
Occupant Behavior Variability 547
UC Davis West Village Living Lab 548
Outreach and Awards 550
Tours 550
Media Coverage 550
Awards 551
Next Steps 551
Acknowledgments 553
Appendix 17: Achieving Fossil-Free Homes through Residential PACE Financing 556
Financing Options 558
Residential PACE Financing 560
Residential PACE Financing and the Federal Housing Finance Agency 561
Impacts of Unconventional Gas Drilling on the Secondary Mortgage Market 566
Making Residential PACE Financing Work 569
Appendix 18: Smart Explorer's Wheel: Accelerating Innovation Integration in the Green Industrial Revolution 572
Overview 572
The Future Embedded in the Present 573
Today's Applications of the Explorer's Wheel 575
A Post-Green Industrial Revolution for the Twenty-First Century: The Alignment and Integration of the Heart, Mind, and Hand 576
Smart Explorer's Wheels: Next Steps 577
Summary: Not the End and more than a Beginning 578
Index 580