National Trade Policies (eBook)

Front Cover 1
National Trade Policies: Studies in Comparative Economic Policies 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
ILLUSTRATIONS 10
PREFACE 16
PART I: INTRODUCTION 18
CHAPTER 1. NATIONAL TRADE POLICIES: AN OVERVIEW 20
THE PRESENT INTERNATIONAL TRADE SYSTEM 20
TRADE PROTECTIONISM IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND TRADE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 23
CLASSIFICATION OF TRADE RESTRICTIONS 26
CONTENTS OF THE VOLUME 29
CHAPTER 2. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) 30
THE ORIGIN OF GATT AND ITS DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1948 30
THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF GATT 34
TARIFF CONCESSIONS 36
DEROGATIONS AND SAFEGUARD MEASURES 37
TRADE IN TEXTILES 37
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 38
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 39
ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK 40
THE TOKYO ROUND OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS 40
THE URUGUAY ROUND OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS 43
APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF GATT ARTICLES 45
NOTES 47
REFERENCES 47
CHAPTER 3. THE COMMERCIAL POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC) 48
Norman Scott 48
INTRODUCTION 48
THE PLACE OF THE EC IN WORLD TRADE 49
COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS: THEIR ROLE IN FORMULATING AND IMPLEMENTING POLICY 50
EC POLICY MEASURES AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL TRADE 58
EFTA-EC Agreement 61
TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE STATE TRADING COUNTRIES (STCs) 66
CHAPTER 4. TRADE POLICIES IN THE COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE (CMEA) 74
THE TRADE AND PAYMENTS REGIME OF CPEs 74
COMMERCIAL POLICIES AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION 79
ECONOMIC REFORM AND THE CMEA 81
REFORM AND CMEA COOPERATION 83
CMEA REFORM AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THIRD COUNTRIES 86
REFORM IN CPES AND GATT 89
CONCLUSION 91
NOTES 91
REFERENCES 92
PART II: TRADE POLICIES IN THE LEADING INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES 94
CHAPTER 5. TRADE POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES 96
EARLY HISTORY 97
GATT AND THE ACCELERATION OF THE TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM 99
THE LIBERALIZATION PROCESS DOMINATES TRADE REMEDIES 101
TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS UNDER GATT 102
U.S. TRADE POLICY COMES OUT FROM UNDER GATT 104
THE PATTERN OF CURRENT RESTRICTIONS 109
CONCLUSIONS 119
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 121
NOTES 121
REFERENCES 122
CHAPTER 6. TRADE POLICIES IN JAPAN 126
OVERVIEW, 19500–85 126
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES 133
APPLICATIONS OF TRADE POLICIES 137
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 144
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 146
REFERENCES 146
CHAPTER 7. TRADE POLICIES IN GERMANY 148
INTRODUCTION 148
FROM OCCUPATION STATUS TO A SOVEREIGN TRADE POLICY: 1945–51 149
THE EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY AND THE TREATY OF ROME: 1952–72 150
THE ERA OF THE "NEW PROTECTIONISM": 1973– ? 157
URUGUAY, 1992: UNITY AND BEYOND 167
NOTES 168
REFERENCES 169
CHAPTER 8. TRADE POLICIES IN FRANCE 172
INTRODUCTION 172
FRENCH TRADE POLICIES FROM 1945 TO THE 1980s 173
FRENCH TRADE POLICY AT THE DAWN OF THE 1990s 178
REFERENCES 187
CHAPTER 9. TRADE POLICIES IN ITALY 190
OVERVIEW 190
APPLICATION OF TRADE POLICIES: THE SYSTEM OF PROTECTION 193
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NONTARIFF BARRIERS 198
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 202
NOTES 211
REFERENCES 212
CHAPTER 10. TRADE POLICIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 214
OVERVIEW 1950–9 214
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES: REVIEW AND APPLICATION 216
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 226
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 229
REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER 11. TRADE POLICIES IN CANADA 232
INTRODUCTION 232
WHY THE FREE TRADE INITIATIVE? 238
POSSIBLE EVOLUTION OF THE CANADA–U.S. FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 242
CANADIAN TRADE POLICY AFTER THE CANADA–U.S. FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 246
THE PACIFIC IN THE GLOBAL TRADING SYSTEM 250
THE IMPLICATIONS OF MEXICO'S FREE TRADE INITIATIVE 251
CONCLUSION 251
NOTES 252
REFERENCES 252
PART III: TRADE POLICIES IN OTHER INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES 256
CHAPTER 12. TRADE POLICIES IN AUSTRALIA 258
OVERVIEW, 1950–85 258
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES 261
APPLICATION OF TRADE POLICIES 269
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 273
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 275
NOTE 276
REFERENCES 276
CHAPTER 13. TRADE POLICIES IN THE NETHERLANDS 278
TRADE POLICY: THE NETHERLANDS, BENELUX, AND THE EEC 278
TARIFFS 279
NONTARIFF BARRIERS 281
NONBORDER MEASURES 284
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 287
NOTES 288
REFERENCES 290
CHAPTER 14. TRADE POLICIES IN BELGIUM 292
OVERVIEW, 1950–85 292
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES 297
FUTURE TRADE POLICIES 298
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 299
REFERENCES 299
CHAPTER 15. TRADE POLICIES IN SWEDEN 302
OVERVIEW 302
THE 1960s AND 1970s: LIBERALIZATION WITHIN LIMITS 305
THE 1980s: EXPORT PROMOTION AND DEREGULATION 315
TRADE POLICIES IN THE 1990s 322
NOTES 324
REFERENCES 326
CHAPTER 16. TRADE POLICIES IN SPAIN 328
OVERVIEW, 1950–85 328
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES 334
ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES 341
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 344
CONCLUSION 344
NOTE 345
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 351
BIBLIOGRAPHY 351
PART IV: TRADE POLICIES IN LATIN AMERICA 352
CHAPTER 17. TRADE POLICIES IN BRAZIL 354
INTRODUCTION 354
OVERVIEW, 1950–85 355
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES 361
THE APPLICATION OF TRADE POLICIES 369
SOME EFFECTS OF TRADE POLICIES 371
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 372
NOTES 375
REFERENCES 375
CHAPTER 18. TRADE POLICIES IN MEXICO 378
OVERVIEW, 1950–85 378
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES: THE INSTRUMENTS OF PROTECTION 382
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES: THE TRADE POLICY REFORM 384
APPLICATION OF TRADE POLICIES: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRADE REFORM 389
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR TRADE POLICY 394
REFERENCES 395
CHAPTER 19. TRADE POLICIES IN ARGENTINA 398
INTRODUCTION 398
CURRENT ACCOUNT, TERMS OF TRADE, AND TRADE POLICY 398
PREDOMINANT FACTOR CONTENT OF TRADE 401
THE 1988 REFORMS 408
CONCLUSIONS 411
NOTES 412
REFERENCES 413
PART V: TRADE POLICIES IN ASIA AND AFRICA 416
CHAPTER 20. TRADE POLICIES IN KOREA 418
INTRODUCTION 418
PROTECTION AND LIBERALIZATION IN THE EARLY PHASE OF KOREA'S GROWTH 419
PROTECTIONIST POLICIES IN THE LATER STAGE OF GROWTH 423
IMPORT LIBERALIZATION IN THE 1980s 426
FUTURE TRENDS AND POSSIBLE PROBLEMS 434
CONCLUDING REMARKS 435
NOTES 436
REFERENCES 438
CHAPTER 21. TRADE POLICIES IN INDIA 440
INTRODUCTION 440
TRADE POLICIES FROM 1947 TO 1978 441
TRADE POLICIES AFTER 1978 451
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 468
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 470
NOTES 471
REFERENCES 474
CHAPTER 22. TRADE POLICIES IN PAKISTAN 476
OVERVIEW SINCE THE LATE 1950s 476
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES 480
APPLICATION OF TRADE POLICIES 489
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 491
NOTES 492
REFERENCES 495
CHAPTER 23. TRADE POLICIES IN NIGERIA 496
OVERVIEW, 1950–58 496
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES 498
APPLICATION OF TRADE POLICIES 501
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 505
NOTES 506
REFERENCES 507
PART VI: TRADE POLICIES IN THE USSR, POLAND, AND CHINA 508
CHAPTER 24. TRADE POLICIES IN THE USSR 510
OVERVIEW, 1950–85 510
CURRENT TRADE POLICIES AND THEIR APPLICATION 515
THE FUTURE OF TRADE POLICIES 524
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 526
REFERENCES 526
CHAPTER 25. TRADE POLICIES IN POLAND 528
INTRODUCTION 528
THE TRADITIONAL CENTRAL PLANNING SYSTEM (1949-81) 529
TOWARD FOREIGN TRADE LIBERALIZATION 536
STRUCTURE OF PROTECTION AND THE ANTI-EXPORT BIAS OF ECONOMIC POLICY, 1982–88 546
LIBERALIZATION ATTEMPTS IN 1989 549
REFERENCES 551
CHAPTER 26. TRADE POLICIES IN CHINA 554
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE 554
REFORMS IN CHINA'S TRADE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 561
MANAGEMENT AND READJUSTMENT IN CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE 569
REFERENCES 574
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 576
INDEX 582
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 588