Structural and Tectonic Modelling and its Application to Petroleum Geology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Structural and Tectonic Modelling and its Application to Petroleum Geology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
Preface 6
List of Contributors 8
Part I: Regional tectonics and basin history 16
Chapter 1. Geodynamic modelling of the Danish Central Trough 16
Introduction 16
General geology of the Danish Central Trough 17
Geodynamic modelling 20
Application 22
Discussion 29
Conclusion 30
Acknowledgements 31
References 31
Chapter 2. A tectonostratigraphic analysis of the southeast Norwegian North Sea Basin 34
Introduction 34
Data base 34
Basement 34
Paleozoic 34
Devonian 37
Permian 37
Jurassic 43
Cretaceous 54
Conclusions 56
Acknowledgements 57
References 57
Chapter 3. Tectonic modelling of the northern North Sea using program RIFT 58
Introduction 58
Seismic interpretation 59
Subsidence analysis 60
Tectonic modelling 61
Discussion 66
Conclusions 67
Acknowledgement 68
References 68
Chapter 4. Vøring Basin: subsidence and tectonic evolution 70
Introduction 70
Geological setting 70
Tectonic subsidence 74
Evaluation of observational data 84
Aspects of basin development 87
Summary and conclusions 93
Acknowledgments 95
References 95
Chapter 5. The orientation of minor fault plane striae and the associated deviatoric stress tensor as a key to the fault geometry in part of the Møre–Trøndelag Fault Zone, on-shore central Norway 98
Introduction 98
The method 99
Application of paleostress estimates to the Verran fault zone 100
Conclusions 103
Acknowlegdement 104
References 104
Chapter 6. Extensional tectonic history of the western Barents Sea 106
Introduction 106
Early Devonian-Early Carboniferous interior rift phase 109
Late Carboniferous-Jurassic sag phase 116
Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rift phase 116
Tertiary passive margin phase 116
Discussion 120
Acknowledgments 121
References 121
Chapter 7. Tectonic framework and halokinesis of the Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea 124
Introduction 124
Late movements on the Trollfjord–Komagelv Fault Zone and rifting in the Nordkapp Basin 126
Geologic history and halokinesis of the Nordkapp Basin 128
Conclusions 133
Acknowledgements 134
References 134
Chapter 8. Interaction between halokinesis and faulting: structuring of the margins of the Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea region 136
Introduction 136
The tectonic setting and history of the Nordkapp Basin 136
Master fault complexes and associated salt pillows 137
Timing of tectonic events in the Nordkapp Basin 141
A model for the structuring of the basin shoulders 143
Conclusions 144
Acknowledgements 145
References 145
Chapter 9. Seismostratigraphic study of a synrift megasequence, from the Barents Sea, northern Norway 148
Introduction 148
Regional setting 148
Database 151
Methodology 153
Structural mapping and regional setting 154
Controls on synrift sedimentation 156
Sequence mapping and depositional models 158
Conclusions 166
Acknowledgements 166
References 166
Chapter 10. Tertiary Uplift and Erosion in the Barents Sea: Magnitude, Timing and Consequences 168
Introduction 168
Methods 169
Amount of uplift 171
Timing of uplift and erosion 172
Consequences of uplift on hydrocarbon exploration 174
Uplift and erosion on the Norwegian shelf 176
Conclusions 176
References 176
Chapter 11. On the magnitude of the Late Tertiary and Quaternary erosion and its significance for the uplift of Scandinavia and the Barents Sea 178
Introduction 178
Late Pliocene-Pleistocene geology 180
Modelling of crustal response 188
Conclusions 198
Acknowledgements 198
Appendix A 198
Appendix B 198
References 199
Chapter 12. Pleistocene glacial isostasy — implications for petroleum geology 202
Introduction 202
Pleistocene glaciations in Northern Europe 203
Methods of glacial isostatic modelling 205
Results from isostatic modelling 206
Implications for hydrocarbon migration and trapping 207
Summary and conclusions 209
Acknowledgements 209
References 209
Part II: The application of tectonic and structural analysis to hydrocarbon accumulation 212
Chapter 13. Structural style and the habitat of hydrocarbons in the North Sea 212
Introduction 212
Structural grain 212
Jurassic extension 217
Structural controls on reservoir distribution 223
Post-rift structural modification 228
Conclusions 233
Acknowledgements 234
References 234
Chapter 14. Restoration of a regional profile across the Magnus Field in the northern North Sea 236
Introduction 236
Structure 236
Thermal uplift 237
Loading 237
Compaction 238
Application of models to the Magnus regional line 239
Estimating thermal subsidence 239
Reconstruction of the regional line through time 241
Conclusions 243
Acknowledgments 243
References 244
Chapter 15. Patterns in the development of extensional fault-block shapes from comparison of outcrop-scale faults and experimental physical models 246
Introduction 246
Geologic setting of fault example in Arizona 246
General characteristics of the faults 247
Fault pattern in map view 247
Fault pattern in vertical section 248
Comparison with physical models 251
Implications for interpretation of extended terrains 254
Acknowledgments 255
References 255
Chapter 16. Complex hanging-wall deformation above an extensional detachment — example: Gulifaks Field, northern North Sea 258
Introduction 258
Seismic structure 259
Kinematic model 262
Conclusions 265
Acknowledgements 266
References 266
Chapter 17. Physical changes in fault blocks caused by rotation and their implications for hydrocarbon accumulations 268
Introduction 268
Model description 268
Experiments 271
Discussion 278
Conclusions 281
Acknowledgements 282
References 282
Chapter 18. Techniques for the geometrical restoration of sections: an example from the Bjørnøya Basin, Barents Sea shelf 284
Introduction 284
Section restoration 286
Conclusions 289
Acknowledgements 290
References 291
Chapter 19. Numerical simulation of jointed and faulted rock behaviour for petroleum reservoirs 292
Introduction 292
Linear and non-linear joint modelling 293
Input data for non-linear joint modelling 295
Coupled stress flow behaviour 296
Application of UDEC-BB to faulted block behaviour 297
Results and discussion 300
Conclusions 302
References 303
Chapter 20. Footwall uplift during normal faulting — implications for structural geometries in the North Sea 304
Introduction 304
Active normal faulting 305
Flexural/isostatic models 308
Domino models 310
Three-dimensional aspects of uplift and subsidence 314
Conclusions 317
Acknowledgements 317
References 317
Chapter 21. Modelling secondary hydrocarbon migration in Haltenbanken, Norway 320
Introduction 320
The migration model — SECMIG 321
Study area-regional setting 322
Stratigraphy and assumed model lithology 322
SECMIG runs 324
Calculation procedure 325
Input 325
Conclusions 337
References 338
Part III: Structural geology on reservoir and field scale 340
Chapter 22. Faulting processes and fault seal 340
Introduction 340
Controls on fault seal 340
Faulting processes and fault seal 341
Concluding statement 355
Acknowledgements 355
References 355
Chapter 23. Controls on the development of fractured reservoirs in the Monterey Formation of central California 358
Introduction 358
Tectonic setting 358
Sedimentary controls on Monterey lithologies 359
Diagenetic history of siliceous and carbonate rocks 360
Description of fractures 360
Causes of fracturing 363
Timing of sediment diagenesis relative to timing of oil generation 365
Hydrocarbon generation within the Santa Maria Basin 366
Hydrocarbon migration 366
Summary 366
Acknowledgements 367
References 367
Chapter 24. Reservoir compartmentation by faults in Cormorant Block IV, U.K. northern North Sea 370
Introduction 370
Structural setting, sedimentology and reservoir framework 371
Structural analysis 372
Effect of fault sealing on the reservoir framework 376
Conclusions 378
Acknowledgements 378
References 378
Chapter 25. Permeability of natural and simulated fracture patterns 380
Introduction 380
The resistor network method 381
The fracture patterns 382
Analysis of model results from patterns A and B 383
Simulations and their permeability 386
Conclusions and discussion 392
Acknowledgements 394
References 395
Chapter 26. Structure of the Mid-Norway Heidrun Field and its regional implications 396
Introduction 396
Regional setting 396
Structure and tectonic evolution 399
Late Kimmerian deformational model 403
Conclusions 407
Acknowledgements 409
References 409
Chapter 27. Characterization of faulting and fracturing in Ekofisk Field from seismic, core and log data 412
Introduction 412
Seismic data 412
Core data 414
Formation microscanner data 420
Anelastic strain data 421
Conclusion 422
Acknowledgements 422
References 422
Chapter 28. Ula Field: relationship between structure and hydrocarbon distribution? 424
Introduction 424
Regional setting 424
Discovery 424
Appraisal, early reservoir delineation and development scheme 425
Structure 426
Reservoir characteristics of the Upper Jurassic 428
Petroleum distribution in the Upper Jurassic 428
The relationship between structure and petroleum distribution 428
Conclusions 434
Acknowledgements 434
References 434
Chapter 29. A frontier basin analysis study based on limited data: the South Mozambique Graben 436
Backstripping wells which intersect faults: tests on synthetic examples 436
The South Mozambique Graben: a case study 438
Results and discussion of structural and depositional reconstructions 443
Thermal history 443
Basin prognosis 446
Acknowledgements 451
References 451
Chapter 30. The Danish North Sea: a basin prognosis 454
Introduction 454
Geologic setting 454
The data base 456
Burial history-geohistory 459
Thermal history 459
Maturity 462
Oil generation 463
Fluid-flow pattern and possible migration paths 463
Evaluation 465
A potential target 465
Conclusions 468
Acknowledgements 469
References 470
Chapter 31. RIFT, a model of sedimentary basin evolution by finite rate, non-uniform, pure shear extension of the lithosphere 472
Introduction 472
Existing models of extensional basin formation 473
The present model 474
Program RIFT 477
The model applied to superimposed Triassic and Jurassic rifting in the northern North Sea 477
Discussion and conclusions 479
Acknowledgements 481
Appendix A: Derivation of the Fourier coefficient for the initial temperature distribution in the multilayer model case 481
References 482
Chapter 32. Structural styles in thrust belts developed through rift basins: a view from the western Alps 484
Introduction 484
Discussion 489
Conclusions 492
Acknowledgements 493
References 493
Chapter 33. Tertiary decollement thrusting and inversion structures along Billefjorden and Lomfjorden Fault Zones, East Central Spitsbergen 496
Introduction 496
Geological setting and stratigraphy 497
Billefjorden fault zone 498
Lomfjorden fault zone 502
Discussion 504
Conclusion 507
Acknowledgements 507
References 507
Chapter 34. Pre-Cretaceous structural development of the Danish Central Trough and its implications for the distribution of Jurassic sands 510
Introduction 510
Structural and depositional development 510
Middle Late Jurassic paleogeography and related sand deposits 518
Summary 519
References 521
Chapter 35. Small faults in sandstones from Spitsbergen and Haltenbanken. A study of diagenetic and deformational structures and their relation to fluid flow 522
Introduction 522
Syn-sedimentary faulting in lower Cretaceous deltaic sandstones at Kvalvagen, Eastern Spitsbergen 522
Early diagenetic faulting in reservoir sandstones at Haltenbanken 524
Diagenesis superimposed on fault textures 530
Pressure solution and stylolitization 530
Permeability of faults 530
Conclusions 531
Acknowledgements 532
References 532
Chapter 36. Subparallel faults and horizontal-stress orientations: an evaluation of in-situ stresses inferred from elliptical wellbore enlargements 534
Introduction 534
Structural setting 534
Wellbore enlargement data 537
Stress trajectory rotation 537
Discussion of results 540
Conclusions 542
References 542
References index 546
Subject index 558