Marine Shrimp Culture (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 9
Preface 6
Acknowledgements 12
Contributors 13
CHAPTER 1. Introduction 18
1.1 EARLY SHRIMP CULTURE 18
1.2 POND STOCKING WITH WILD SEED 18
1.3 CAPTIVE REPRODUCTION WITH WILD GRAVID SHRIMP 20
1.4 CAPTIVE REPRODUCTION FROM NON-GRAVID SHRIMP 20
1.5 EVOLUTION OF POND CULTURE 21
1.6 CRUSTACEAN AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION 22
1.7 FUTURE TRENDS 22
1.8 TERMINOLOGY: SHRIMP VS. PRAWNS 23
1.9 REFERENCES 24
CHAPTER 2. Penaeid Taxonomy, Biology and Zoogeography 26
2.1 INTRODUCTION 26
2.2 TAXONOMY 27
2.3 THE APPENDAGES 29
2.4 MORPHOLOGY OF EIGHT CULTURED SPECIES 29
2.5. BIOLOGY 32
2.6 ZOOGEOGRAPHY 38
2.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 40
2.8 REFERENCES 40
CHAPTER 3. Genetics of Penaeus Species 46
3.1 INTRODUCTION 46
3.2 GENETICS OF WILD POPULATIONS 46
3.3 QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF COMMERCIAL TRAITS 59
3.4 DOMESTICATION AND GENETIC MANIPULATION 64
3.5 REFERENCES 66
CHAPTER 4. Endocrinology 70
4.1 INTRODUCTION 70
4.2 ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF MOLTING 71
4.3 MALE SEX DETERMINATION AND REPRODUCTION 83
4.4 FEMALE REPRODUCTION 87
4.5 PIGMENTATION 90
4.6 METABOLISM AND WATER BALANCE 94
4.7 CONCLUSIONS 98
4.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 98
4.9 REFERENCES 98
CHAPTER 5. Reproduction of Penaeus Species in Captivity 110
5.1 INTRODUCTION 110
5.2 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 117
5.3 SEAWATER PARAMETERS FOR REPRODUCTION 139
5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES 144
5.5 NUTRITION 153
5.6 CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR REPRODUCTION 159
5.7 QUALITY OF OFFSPRING 164
5.8 References 167
CHAPTER 6. Penaeid Larviculture: Galveston Method 188
6.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 188
6.2 ORIGINAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 189
6.3 CURRENT METHODOLOGY 192
6.4 REFERENCES 207
CHAPTER 7. Penaeid Larviculture: Taiwanese Method 210
7.1 INTRODUCTION 210
7.2 ACQUIRING AND MAINTAINING BROODSTOCK 212
7.3 MATURATION AND SPAWNING 212
7.4 HATCHERIES 217
7.5 LARVAL REARING 217
7.6 PROBLEMS IN LARVAL REARING 224
7.7 RECOMMENDATIONS 228
7.8 REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER 8. Penaeid Larviculture: Small-Scale Asian Hatcheries 234
8.1 INTRODUCTION 234
8.2 HATCHERY METHODS 235
8.3 SHRIMP/PRAWN SPECIES ALTERNATIVES 235
8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS 236
8.5 SMALL-SCALE HATCHERY LAY-OUT 237
8.6 GRAVID FEMALES/BROODSTOCK 237
8.7 NAUPLII 239
8.8 LARVAL REARING 239
8.9 REFERENCES 241
CHAPTER 9. Optimized Feeding Regimes in Shrimp Hatcheries 242
9.1 INTRODUCTION 242
9.2 DIET SELECTION CRITERIA 242
9.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION 255
9.4 RECOMMENDED FEEDING REGIMES 257
9.5 REFERENCES 259
CHAPTER 10. Shrimp Hatchery Design: Engineering Considerations 262
10.1 INTRODUCTION 262
10.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 264
10.3 PROCESS CRITERIA 265
10.4 SITE CONSIDERATIONS 267
10.5 LAYOUT 270
10.6 DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 273
10.7 DESIGN OF SEAWATER PROCESSING EQUIPMENT 276
10.8 DESIGN OF HATCHERY SUPPORT SYSTEMS 280
10.9 DESIGN OF HATCHERY PRODUCTION SUB-SYSTEMS 281
10.10 OPERATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND POLICIES 289
10.11 OPERATIONAL PROBLEM AREAS 294
10.12 SUMMARY COMMANDMENTS FOR HATCHERY SEAWATER SYSTEMS 298
10.13 REFERENCES 300
CHAPTER 11. Use of One-Liter Imhoff Cones in Larviculture Production 304
11.1 INTRODUCTION 304
11.2 DESCRIPTION OF CONE CULTURE APPARATUS 309
11.3 METHODOLOGY FOR CONE CULTURE 310
11.4 REFERENCES 316
CHAPTER 12. Penaeid PL Harvest, Transport, Acclimation and Stocking 318
12.1 INTRODUCTION 318
12.2 PL HARVEST AT THE HATCHERY 318
12.3 PL TRANSPORT TO FARMS 324
12.4 ACCLIMATION 331
12.5 REFERENCES 336
CHAPTER 13. Intensification of Penaeid Nursery Systems 338
13.1 INTRODUCTION 338
13.2 INTENSIFICATION OF NURSERY PONDS 339
13.3 INTENSIVE NURSERY RACEWAYS 344
13.4 SUMMARY AND ECONOMIC REVIEW 354
13.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 357
13.6 REFERENCES 357
CHAPTER 14. Penaeid Growout Systems: An Overview 362
14.1 INTRODUCnON 362
14.2 PRODUCTION LEVEL 365
14.3 STOCKING 365
14.4 FEED 366
14.5 WATER 367
14.6 POND SIZE 367
14.7 AERATION 367
14.8 POND DEPTH 367
14.9 SURVIVAL 368
14.10 ENERGY 368
14.11 MANAGEMENT AND LABOR 368
14.12 DISEASE 368
14.13 PROFITS 369
14.14 REFERENCES 369
CHAPTER 15. Penaeid Extensive Growout Systems 372
15.1 INTRODUCTION 372
15.2 WATER EXCHANGE 374
15.3 CONTROL GATES 375
15.4 TAIWANESE EXTENSIVE PONDS 376
15.5 PHILIPPINE AND INDONESIAN EXTENSIVE PONDS 377
15.6 THAI EXTENSIVE PONDS 381
15.7 BANGLADESHI AND INDIAN EXTENSIVE PONDS 382
15.8 ECUADOREAN EXTENSIVE PONDS 383
15.9 SUMMARY 384
15.10 REFERENCES 384
CHAPTER 16. Penaeid Semi-intensive Growout Systems 386
16.1 INTRODUCTION 386
16.2 ECUADOREAN SEMI-INTENSIVE PONDS 386
16.3 THAI SEMI-INTENSIVE PONDS 391
16.4 PHILIPPINE SEMI-INTENSIVE PONDS 391
16.5 INTENSIFICATION OF EXTENSIVE TO SEMI-INTENSIVECULTURE 392
16.6. REFERENCES 397
CHAPTER 17. Penaeid Intensive Growout Systems 398
17.1 INTRODUCTION 398
17.2 TAIWANESE INTENSIVE PONDS 398
17.3 JAPANESE INTENSIVE CULTURE 405
17.4 REFERENCES 407
CHAPTER 18. Penaeid Ultra-intensive Growout Systems 408
18.1 INTRODUCTION 408
18.2 ROUND POND ULTRA-INTENSIVE CULTURE 410
18.3 MOE ULTRA-INTENSIVE CULTURE 411
18.4 INTENSIFICATION OF TAIWANESE CULTURE 412
18.5 RISKS 414
18.6 REFERENCES 415
CHAPTER 19. Pond Harvesting Techniques 416
19.1 INTRODUCTION 416
19.2 PARTIAL HARVEST 419
19.3 COMPLETE HARVEST 426
19.4 REFERENCES 431
CHAPTER 20. Shrimp Pond Engineering Considerations 432
20.1 INTRODUCTION 432
20.2 SITE SELECTION 433
20.3 POND DESIGN 434
20.4 POND CONSTRUCTION 439
20.5 POND MAINTENANCE AND WATER MANAGEMENT 442
20.6 REFERENCES 445
CHAPTER 21. Pond Dynamic Processes 448
21.1 INTRODUCTION 448
21.2 TROPHIC DYNAMICS AND NUTRIENT CYCLES 448
21.3 OXYGEN DYNAMICS 453
21.4 REFERENCES 471
CHAPTER 22. Water Circulation, Aeration and Other Management Practices 474
22.1 INTRODUCTION 474
22.2 POND CIRCULATION 482
22.3 POND AERATION 485
22.4 MINIMUM OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS OF SHRIMP 498
22.5 AERATOR SIZING 501
22.6 WATER EXCHANGE 506
22.7 SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT 508
22.9 REFER 510
CHAPTER 23. Pond Monitoring and Management 514
23.1 INTRODUCTION 514
23.2 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES 514
23.3 POND MONITORING 517
23.4 POND MANAGEMENT 522
23 5 REFERENCES 529
CHAPTER 24. Penaeid Temperature and Salinity Responses 532
24.1 INTRODUCTION 532
24.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 534
24.3 SALINITY EFFECTS 542
24.4 TEMPERATURE-SALINITY INTERACTION 547
24.5 CONCLUSIONS 549
24.6 REFERENCES 550
CHAPTER 25. Penaeid Shrimp Nutrition 552
25.1 INTRODUCTION 552
25.2 DIGESTIBILITY 553
25.3 PROTEIN 556
25.4 ENERGY 560
25.5 LIPID 560
25.6 CARBOHYDRATE 564
25.7 FIBER 565
25.8 VITAMINS 565
25.9 MINERALS 571
25.10 FEED INGREDIENTS 575
25.11 FEED ADDITIVES 578
25.12 LEAST-COST FEED FORMULATIONS 581
25.12 REFERENCES 583
CHAPTER 26. Penaeid Virus Diseases of the Shrimp Culture Industry of the Americas 586
26.1 INTRODUCTION 586
26.2 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 586
26.3 HOSTS AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 598
26.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 601
26.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 603
26.6 REFERENCES 603
CHAPTER 27. Penaeid Markets and Economics 606
27.1 INTRODUCTION 606
27.2 PRODUCTION ECONOMICS 606
27.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS 612
27.4 SHRIMP MARKETING 614
27.5 CONCLUSION 619
27.6 REFERENCES 620
CHAPTER 28. Supply Relations and Costs of Shrimp Mariculture and Shrimp Fisheries 622
28.1 INTRODUCTION 622
28.2 COST OF SHRIMP FARMING 625
28.3 COST OF SHRIMP FISHING 629
28.4 COST COMPARISONS OF SHRIMP FARMING AND FISHING 630
28.7 CONCLUSIONS 636
28.8 REFERENCES 637
CHAPTER 29. An Overview of Asian Marine Shrimp Culture 640
29.1 INTRODUCTION 640
29.2 CULTURED SPECIES 640
29.3 STATUS OF SHRIMP CULTURE BY COUNTRY 642
29.4 MANGROVE FOREST CONVERSIONS 653
29.5 SEED PRODUCTION 654
29.6 PRICE STABILITIES AND MARKETS 655
29.7 REFERENCES 657
CHAPTER 30. Shrimp Culture Industry in Japan 658
30.1 INTRODUCTION 658
30.2 SHRIMP CULTURE OVERVIEW 658
30.3 CULTURE TECHNIQUE 662
30.4 PACKING AND MARKETING 666
30.5 COST ANALYSIS 667
30.6 MARKET TREND AND PROSPECT 667
30.7 SUMMARY 669
30.8 REFERENCES 669
CHAPTER 31. Marine Prawn Culture Industry of Taiwan 670
31.1 INTRODUCTION 670
31.2 COMMERCIALLY CULTURED SPECIES 670
31.3 CULTURE AREA 677
31.4 HISTORY AND STATUS OF HATCHERIES 679
31.5 HISTORY AND STATUS OF FEED DEVELOPMENT 682
31.6 CULTURE TECHNIQUES 684
31.7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE TAIWAN PRAWN INDUSTRY 689
31.8 REFERENCES 691
CHAPTER 32. Shrimp Culture Industry in China 694
32.1 INTRODUCTION 694
32.2 SHRIMP SPECIES CULTURED 694
32.3 SHRIMP CULTURE HISTORY IN CHINA 698
32.4 PENAEUS CHINENSIS REPRODUCTION AND LARVICULTURE 700
32.5 PENAEUS CHINENSIS POND GROWOUT 702
32.6 HARVESTING AND PROCESSING 704
32.7 SUMMARY 705
32.8 REFERENCES 705
CHAPTER 33. Shrimp Culture Industry in Thailand 708
33.1 INTRODUCTION 708
33.2 PRESENT SHRIMP PRODUCTION AND FUTURE TREND 708
33.3 PRESENT SHRIMP EXPORT AND FUTURE TREND 711
33.4 CONCLUSIONS 716
33.5 REFERENCES 716
CHAPTER 34. Prawn/Shrimp Culture Industry in the Philippines 718
34.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 718
34.2 COUNTRY PROFILE 720
34.3 SEED SUPPLY 724
34.4 GROWOUT 725
34.5 PROBLEMS 734
34.6 RECOMENDATIONS 739
34.7 CONCLUSION 742
34.8 REFERENCES 742
CHAPTER 35. Shrimp Culture Industry in Vietnam 746
35.1 INTRODUCTION 746
35.2 GEOGRAPHICAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 747
35.3 SHRIMP SPECIES: COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION 751
35.4 TRADITIONAL AND EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE 751
35.5 AQUACULTÜRE PRACTICES 757
35.6 SHRIMP CULTURE INTENSIFICATION 764
35.7 MARKETING 769
35.8 CONCLUSION: SOME PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 770
35.9 REFERENCES 771
CHAPTER 36. Shrimp Culture Industry in Australia 774
36.1 INTRODUCTION 774
36.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 774
36.3 CULTURED SPECIES 776
36.4 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 777
36.5 ARTIFICIAL FEEDS 780
36.6 ADVANTAGES AND CONSTRAINTS 780
36.7 CONCLUSION 783
36.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 783
36.9 REFERENCES 784
CHAPTER 37. Overview of Shrimp Farming in the Western Hemisphere 788
37.1 HISTORY 788
37.2 SPECIES 790
37.3 SEEDSTOCK SOURCE 791
37.4 GROWOUT METHODS 792
37.5 PRODUCTION AND MARKETING 793
37.6 FINANCIAL AND GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT 794
37.7 ECONOMIC IMP ACT 795
37.8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 796
37.9 REGULATIONS 796
37.10 ACTIVITY BY AREA 797
37.11 CONCLUSION 798
37.12 REFERENCES 799
CHAPTER 38. Shrimp Culture Industry in Ecuador 800
38.1 INTRODUCTION 800
38.2 HISTORY OF SHRIMP CULTURE INDUSTRY 800
38.3 NAUPLIUS PRODUCTION 801
38.4 PL PRODUCTION 806
38.5 POND PRODUCTION 813
38.6 FEED 826
38.7 DISEASE 827
38.8 PROCESSING 829
38.9 ESTABLISHMENT OF A SUPPORT INDUSTRY 830
38.10 FUTURE SHRIMP INDUSTRY IN ECUADOR 830
38.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 832
38.12 REFERENCES 832
CHAPTER 39. Shrimp Culture in the United States 834
39.1 INTRODUCTION 834
39.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 834
39.3 REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS 837
39.4 SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS 841
39.5 U.S. SHRIMP CAPTURE FISHERIES 843
39.6 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 844
39.7 ECONOMIC VIABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL 850
39.8 REFERENCES 850
CHAPTER 40. Future of World Shrimp Culture 856
40.1 INTRODUCTION 856
40.2 SHRIMP CULTURE SYSTEMS 857
40.3 POND DYNAMICS 859
40.4 MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS 860
40.5 OCEAN SHRIMP FISHERIES 860
40.6 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 861
40.7 REPRODUCTION AND SEED PRODUCTION 861
40.8 NUTRITION AND FEEDS 862
40.9 SELECTION AND GENETICS 862
40.10 DISEASE CONTROL 863
40.11 GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND POLICIES 864
40.12 COUNTRY AND REGIONAL PRODUCTION TRENDS 865
40.13 MARKET DEVELOPMENT 867
40.14 LITERATURE CITED 867
Index 870