Hypobaric Storage in Food Industry: Advances in Application and Theory presents recent examples of hypobaric storage implementation. The book covers examples including hypobaric warehouses in the United States and China; the results from extensive Chinese publications, some addressing military use; improved design of an intermodal container to reduce cost, weight, and power consumption; and a proposal to fabricate a container in China for shipping mangoes and other difficult-to-export plant commodities.
In1979 the Food Technology Industrial Achievement Award was given by the Institute of Food Technologists to the Grumman Corporation and the Armour & Company-Research Center for their creation of a hypobaric transportation and storage system that extended the storage life of fresh meats and plant commodities six times greater than average. Since then, cost, experimental errors by academics, and other concerns have prevented hypobaric storage from achieving more widespread adoption. However, recent advances - particularly since 2004 - have brought hypobaric storage back into active research and development.
With specific focus on issues such as condensation; insect, fungi, and bacterial contamination; and materials and methods, this work lays out hypobaric technology for readers including students of postharvest physiology, agricultural engineers, and producers and exporters of food products.
- Presents recent examples of implementation of hypobaric storage including construction of hypobaric warehouses in United States and China
- Features an improved design of intermodal container to reduce cost, weight, and power consumption
- Proposes fabricating hypobaric containers in China for exporting mangoes and other plant commodities that presently can only be transported at much greater expense by air
Hypobaric Storage in Food Industry: Advances in Application and Theory presents recent examples of hypobaric storage implementation. The book covers examples including hypobaric warehouses in the United States and China; the results from extensive Chinese publications, some addressing military use; improved design of an intermodal container to reduce cost, weight, and power consumption; and a proposal to fabricate a container in China for shipping mangoes and other difficult-to-export plant commodities. In1979 the Food Technology Industrial Achievement Award was given by the Institute of Food Technologists to the Grumman Corporation and the Armour & Company-Research Center for their creation of a hypobaric transportation and storage system that extended the storage life of fresh meats and plant commodities six times greater than average. Since then, cost, experimental errors by academics, and other concerns have prevented hypobaric storage from achieving more widespread adoption. However, recent advances - particularly since 2004 - have brought hypobaric storage back into active research and development. With specific focus on issues such as condensation; insect, fungi, and bacterial contamination; and materials and methods, this work lays out hypobaric technology for readers including students of postharvest physiology, agricultural engineers, and producers and exporters of food products. Presents recent examples of implementation of hypobaric storage including construction of hypobaric warehouses in United States and China Features an improved design of intermodal container to reduce cost, weight, and power consumption Proposes fabricating hypobaric containers in China for exporting mangoes and other plant commodities that presently can only be transported at much greater expense by air
History of Hypobaric Storage
Major events in the history of hypobaric storage are reviewed since its first description by Burg and Burg in 1965/1966. Laboratory studies demonstrated remarkable increases in the storage life of horticultural crops, meat, fish, poultry, and shrimp kept in a saturated low-pressure atmosphere, and between 1976 and 1982 prototype Grumman/Dormavac hypobaric intermodal containers successfully exported horsemeat, pork, asparagus, mangos, papayas, and hanging-lambs. Grumman Corp. and Armour & Co. were awarded the US Food Technology Industrial Achievement award for developing hypobaric transportation and storage systems. However, academic publications described inherent problems with hypobaric storage. The academic belief that hypobaric storage is a flawed technology originated from experimental errors in LP research caused by nonprecise temperature control, cold-spots on the vacuum chamber’s surface, humidifying at atmospheric pressure rather than a low pressure, inadequate air changes, leaky vacuum chambers, and a failure to realize that the high turgor pressure of plant cells prevents low-pressure storage from causing volatiles to boil and “outgas.” The critical literature so-diminished interest in hypobaric storage that during the past 20 years only a few LP studies have been published in the West. Grumman/Dormavac and VacuFresh hypobaric intermodal containers, VivaFresh warehouses, and the first Chinese hypobaric warehouse are described and illustrated.
Keywords
Hypobaric storage; low-pressure storage (LP); Vivafresh; VacuFresh; Dormavac
• 1966: First description of the hypobaric storage method (Burg and Burg).
• 1967: Low-pressure storage patent by Burg issues and is assigned to the United Fruit Co.
• 1968–1971: Fruehauf Corp. builds two prototype LP intermodal containers for United Fruit Co.
• 1972: Dormavac Corp. purchases LP patents and prototype containers from United Fruit Co.
• 1974: Dormavac’s assets sold to Grumman Allied Industries.
• 1976: Patents by Burg extend the LP storage pressure range to 4.6–20 mmHg.
• 1979: Grumman Corp. and Armour & Co. awarded the US Food Technology Industrial Achievement award for developing hypobaric transportation and storage systems.
• 1984: Premature introduction of Grumman’s Dormavac container into commercial service results in mechanical failures and spoilage delivering hanging-lamb from Australia to Iran.
• 1985: Grumman sells its hypobaric technology. Academic publications claim that hypobaric storage is a flawed technology.
• 1987: Patents by Burg issue describing a “dry” hypobaric process that stores respiring plant matter (US 4,685,305) and nonrespiring animal matter (US 4,655,048) without mechanical humidification.
• 1989: Two prototype VacuFresh hypobaric intermodal containers embodying the “dry” hypobaric concept are fabricated by Welfit Oddy (Pty) Ltd in Port Elizabeth, S. Africa, and ABS, Lloyd’s, and ISO tested and certified.
• 1991: IRS files a complaint for underpayment of taxes vs. the patent licensee under US 4,655,048 and 4,685,305. Commercial development of LP ceases.
• 1997: Burg abandons US 4,655,048 and 4,685,305 to cancel the patent licenses.
• 1999: Welfit Oddy (Pty) Ltd is sold and the new owner does not want to attempt to market the VacuFresh container. Burg retains ownership of the VacuFresh blueprints.
• 2007–2009: Publications by Burg and Zheng demonstrate that Western academic literature claiming hypobaric storage is a flawed technology was based on experimental errors. Chinese publications subsequently describe favorable LP results with more than 60 different commodities.
• 2009: A. Colombian flower grower purchases a hypobaric warehouse from Atlas Technologies, Port Townsend, WA, after learning that for 10 years Burg’s former patent licensee had clandestinely stored flowers for holiday price appreciation in Dormavac hypobaric intermodal containers refurbished to operate in accord with US Patent No. 4,685,305.
• 2010: Provisional patent application serial No. 61/170,506 entitled “Systems and Methods for Controlled Pervaporation in Horticultural Cellular Tissue” is filed by Burg et al. and assigned to Atlas Technologies.
• 2010: The Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai issued a grant to develop a hypobaric warehouse.
• 2011: The Science and Technology Committee of the People’s Republic of China provided funding to build a hypobaric storage unit for use onboard warships. First Chinese hypobaric warehouse is sold and put into operation.
• 2012. Colombian flower grower orders a second Vivafresh hypobaric warehouse.
• 2012: Burg files provisional patent application entitled “Controlled and Correlated Method and Apparatus to Limit Water Loss from Fresh Plant Matter During Hypobaric Storage and Transport” (US Provisional Patent Application No. 61705016). US patent issues in 2014.
Three decades ago laboratory studies demonstrated remarkable increases in the storage life of horticultural crops, meat, fish, poultry, and shrimp kept in a water-saturated flowing low-pressure (LP) atmosphere (Burg, 1967, 1973, 1975, 1976; Burg and Burg, 1966; Tolle, 1969, 1972; Dilley, 1977, 1978; Dilley and Dewey, 1973; Dilley et al., 1975; Apelbaum et al., 1977a, b,c; Salunkhe and Wu, 1973, 1975; Spalding and Reeder, 1976a,b, 1977; Spalding et al., 1978; Alvarez, 1979, 1980; Mermelstein, 1979; Jamieson, 1980a,b; Bangerth, 1973, 1974, 1984; Table 1.1). Between 1976 and 1982, prototype Grumman/Dormavac hypobaric intermodal containers (Figure 1.1) successfully shipped horsemeat from Texas to France, Belgium and Italy, pork from South Dakota to Hawaii, asparagus from the Dominican Republic to New York City, mangos from Mexico to Japan, and hanging-lambs from Australia to Miami (Burg, 2004). Solo papayas exported from Hawaii to Los Angeles and New York City in Dormavac containers remained firm and nearly disease-free, and after transfer to atmospheric pressure ripened with excellent flavor, texture, aroma and shelf life. In companion shipments, papayas from the same source, transported to the same destinations in conventional refrigerated intermodal containers, softened prematurely in-transit and developed a high incidence of peduncle infections, stem end rot, and surface lesions1 (Alvarez, 1979, 1980; Table 1.1). After 55 days at sea, hanging-lambs shipped in a Dormavac container from Australia to Iran were rated by an Australian Veterinary attaché to be equivalent in appearance to 2- to 3-day old chilled carcasses (Husband, 1982; Sharp, 1985). An Armour Co. meat-tasting panel found such lamb to be unusually tender, with the texture and intense flavor typical of “dry-aged” meat, without the sour taste, sogginess, and other abnormalities associated with vacuum-packaged “wet-aged” meat (Burg, 2004).
Table 1.1
Maximum Storage Life (days) in NA, CA, and LP
| Asparagus | 14–21 | 21+ (slight benefit) | 42 |
| Avocado (Lula) | 30 | 42–60 | 102 |
| Banana | 14–21 | 42–56 | 150 |
| Carnation flower | 21–42 | No benefit | 140 |
| Cucumber | 9–14 | 14+ (slight benefit) | 49 |
| Green bean | 7–10 | 14 | 38 |
| Green pepper | 14–21 | No benefit | 50 |
| Lime (Persian) | 14–21 | Juice loss, peel thickens | 90+ |
| Mango (Haden) | 14–21 | 21+ (slight benefit) | 56 |
| Mushroom | 5 | 6 | 21 |
| Papaya (Solo) | 12 | 14 | 28 |
| Pear (Bartlett) | 60 | 100 | 200 |
| Protea (flower) | 7 | No benefit | 30+ |
| Rose (flower) | 7–14 | No benefit | 60 |
| Spinach | 10–14 | 14+ (slight benefit) | 50 |
| Strawberry | 7 | 7+ (off-flavor) | 21 |
Copyright @ 2004 by CABI. Table (slightly updated) from the Preface of Burg (2004) has been reproduced by STM permission from CABI to Elsevier (Burg, 2004, ISBN0 8 5199 011).
Figure 1.1 Grumman/Dormavac 12.2 m (40 ft) intermodal hypobaric container. Single door is drawn in by four cam operators and suspended with slotted...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 17.4.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
| Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie | |
| Wirtschaft | |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-419978-X / 012419978X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-419978-1 / 9780124199781 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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